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daily life. Altman (2002: 42), in discussing indigenous land management in Australia, suggests that the value of indigenous land management needs to be properly
quantified. Expenditure on land management in national parks could be benchmarked against the unrecognised value of land management undertaken on adjacent
Aboriginal land. This is an area that needs further research in Taiwan.
There is also a need to better understand the contribution of subsistence to the indigenous economy. Indigenous peoples use forest resources for multiple purposes.
These include building materials, food and fibre. A better understanding of the patterns of resource use and their place in the local economy can be incorporated into management plans. This is an area that requires more qualitative research.
6.3 Indigenous peoples as custodians of the land
Co-management can provide a model and framework for the formal recognition of indigenous peoples' special status as custodians of land and culture. The starting point for this is the recognition of the inherent capacity of indigenous peoples to manage their lands. This capacity draws from their traditions and knowledge and reflects their ongoing close relations with the land. They are committed to managing the land as they are embedded in it.
A shift to the biosphere model for managing forests and protected areas would recognise the place of indigenous peoples and incorporate them into the system of management. Such a system allows for the co-existence of conservation goals and traditional or sustainable use of resources by indigenous peoples. Putting such a system in place may require the creation of a new government agency in Taiwan that oversees or coordinates the roles of the Forestry Bureau, the National Parks Division and other agencies.
Official recognition or definition of traditional territory is important. However, it is not sufficient to merely recognise traditional territory by drawing a line on a map.
Indeed this may lead to further conflict if it doesn't properly account for indigenous peoples' present circumstances. Traditional territory has its meaning in the
ethnographic present and should be based on this. It is part of a living tradition and a preservation of indigenous peoples' heritage. Furthermore recognition of traditional
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territory is only meaningful if indigenous peoples can actively participate in the management of the land and access its resources in a sustainable manner in accordance with their traditions.
While legislation and institutional reform are important for providing a framework for indigenous rights, the most important lesson from Smangus is that rights are realised through a grassroots effort. It is through an ongoing process of negotiation between the state and indigenous communities that indigenous peoples can ensure they can follow their traditional customs and act as custodians of the land without fear of legal sanction. Further legislation and institutional change is important to support this.
However, it is through a bottom up effort, with indigenous communities proving their capacity to sustainably manage lands and building up their own economic base, that the case for co-management will become irresistible. The “negotiated autonomy” of the Danayigu community provides one example of this (Tang & Tang, 2001).
Smangus through their development of ecotourism, co-operative management and assertion of their rights in the Smangus Beech Tree Incident is another important model.
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Interviews
Chiang, Bien. Academia Sinica, Taipei. 5 November 2009. Audio recording. Interview conducted in English.
Icyeh Sulung. Smangus, Hsinchu County. 1 December 2007. Audio and video recording. Interview conducted in Mandarin with Ben Goren.
Lahuy Icyeh. Smangus, Hsinchu County. 19 August 2009. Handwritten notes.
Interview conducted in Mandarin.
Lin Chiang-I (Mayaw Dongyi). Council of Indigenous Peoples, Taipei. 7 April 2009.
Hand written notes. Interview conducted in Mandarin.
Lin Shu-ya. Taiwan Association for Human Rights, Taipei. 18 December 2008. Audio recording. Interview conducted in Mandarin.
Lin Yih-ren. Associate Professor, Providence University, Taichung County. 30
November 2007. Audio and video recording. Interview conducted in English with Ben Goren.
Lin Yih-ren. Associate Professor, Providence University, Taichung County. 20 January 2010. Audio recording. Interview conducted in English.
Lai Tsung-ming. Director of the Administrative Division, Forestry Bureau, Taipei. 7 May 2008. Audio recording. Interview conducted in Mandarin.
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Pisuy Masou. Taiwan Indigenous Television, Taipei. 11 December 2007. Audio and video recording. Interview conducted in Mandarin with Ben Goren.
Kung, Wen-chi. Indigenous member of the Legislative Yuan, Taipei. 6 March 2009.
Audio recording. Interview conducted in English.
Yohani Isqaqavut. Former Minister of the Council of Indigenous Peoples, Taipei. 6 March 2009. Hand written notes. Interview conducted in Mandarin.
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APPENDIX I
The Forestry Act
Promulgated on September 15, 1932.
Amendment to Articles 9, 18 promulgated on February 13, 1937.
Amendment to all Articles promulgated on February 6, 1945.
Amendment to Article 49 promulgated on May 27, 1972.
Amendment to all Articles promulgated on December 13, 1985.
Amendment to Articles 15, 17, 44, 45, 47, 51, 53~56 and addition of Articles 48-1, 56-1~56-4 promulgated on May 27, 1998.
Amendment to Articles 2, 12, 26, 29, 48 promulgated on November 15, 2000.
Amendment to Articles 6, 7, 15, 25, 34, 48, 56-2, 56-3 and addition of Articles 17-1, 38-1 promulgated on January 20, 2004.
Chapter I General Provisions Article 1
This Act is established to preserve forest resources, the natural functions of forests and
This Act is established to preserve forest resources, the natural functions of forests and