¾ The interaction between the copper ions and hydroxyl groups may further stabilize the hybrid structure. Cu(II)-pHEMA and Cu(0)-pHEMA hybrid exhibits superior thermal stability to that pHEMA of by an enhancement of the decomposition temperature.
¾ The metallic Cu nanoparticle shows improved crystallinity as water concentration increased. The Cu size is increased from an average of ~10 nm to 25 nm in diameter as the molar ratio of H2O/HEMA increased from 2 to 6.
¾ The Cu nanoparticle embedded within the pHEMA matrix is present in a form of primary particle without appreciable aggregation. The tendency of cluster formation of the Cu nanoparticles and further developing into particle network structures seem to become more pronounced as the molar ratio of H2O/HEMA was reduced.
¾ While increasing the H2O/HEMA ratio, the network of the pHEMA is prone to developing a spacious volume for copper nanoparticles to nucleate and grow to a certain size, resulting in a porous structure which provided more spacious volume for the growth of Cu nanoparticles.
¾ The higher starting H2O/HEMA molar ratio, the greater extent of the porous structure in the final hybrid obtained, and a greater tendency to form connective Cu nanoparticle network within the matrix phase observed.
¾ The copper developed in the Cu(0)-pHEMA hybrid is a mixture of mainly metallic Cu(0) and a small fraction of CuO, after in-situ chemical reduction. The presence of small amount of divalent CuO suggests an incomplete reduction reaction of Cu(II) ions in the matrix.
¾ The crystallinity of the resulting Cu nanoparticles have little influence on release mechanism.
¾ After a 48 h incubation with 6 ppm copper ion Cu(II) results in a progressive increase of cell numbers which reaches 121% of the control. Without the use of ECGS in medium, the proliferation of HUVEC was still stimulated by the copper, with an increase of cell numbers reaching 106% of the control.
¾ Cu(II) released from the hybrids showed inhibition effect on human smooth muscle
¾ The neat pHEMA and Cu(0)-pHEMA hybrids showed negatively charged at pH 7.4 and became more negative with an increasing incorporation of the Cu(0) nanoparticle.
¾ The incorporation of nano copper particles into pHEMA matrix increases the interface interaction between the solid film and aqueous solution.
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