The top layer of emotion predication in FrameNet is Emotions. Emotions frame is defined that an Experiencer has a particular emotional State, describing a long-lasting emotion experience provoked by Stimulus, which can be categorized by a Topic. Besides, Emotions may exist in a particular Event of which the participants are Experiencers of the emotion, or be expressed through an Expressor, a body-part of gesture indicating the Experiencer's state to an external observer. These six core frame elements, Experiencer, State, Stimulus, Topic, Event, and Expressor, are shared by its child-frames. In the following paragraphs, child generation of Emotions is introduced in terms of definition, core frame elements and additional frame information.
In the child generation of Emotions are 13 frames (as in Figure 1). Emotions is used by Contrition, Desiring, Emotion_active, Emotion_directed, Emotion_heat, Experiencer_obj, Feeling, Forgiveness, Judgment, and Predicament. They use Emotions as background, which means they describe emotional events or states. In addition to these ten frames, Emotions is inherited by Emotion_by_stimulus while perspectivizing in Experiencer_focus as well as in Stimulus_focus. Since inheritance is the strongest relation in FrameNet, it suggests the semantics of Emotions frame equal to or correspond to a specific fact of the child, Emotion_by_stimulus.
Similar to the “using” relation, “perspectivie_on,” in fact, provides a refined relation between the
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Emotions and Experiencer_focus and Stimulus_focus. Such relation normally implies two or more viewpoints from the originally neutral parent frame. The following paragraphs will introduce child frames of Emotions from Emotion_by_Stimulus frame, which is the most strongly related to the parent frame, then to frames of the relation, Using of, of which contains the most frames, and to the two frames of relation, Perspectivized in.
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Emotions Contrition Desiring Emotion_active
Emotions_by _stimulus Emotion_directed Emotion_heat
Experiencer_focus Experiencer_obj Feeling
Forgiveness Judgment
Predicament
Stimulus_focus
Inherited by Perspectivized in Used by Figure 2. FrameNet’s categorization of emotion predication
13 3.1.1 Inheritance
3.1.1.1 Emotions_by_stimulus frame
The definition of this frame is that an Experiencer1, Expressor, Event, or State has an emotion as brought on by a Stimulus or Topic. It contains lexical units of glad, joyful, and jubilant. Below are some examples.
(12) The [joyful EMOTIONS_BY_STIMULUS] reunion took place on Sunday.
(13) The Polish-born Pope was driven past [jubilant EMOTIONS_BY_STIMULUS] [crowds
EXPERIENCER].
(14) [I EXPERIENCER] am [glad EMOTIONS_BY_STIMULUS] [about the sheep TOPIC].
This is the inherited frame from Emotions which inherit most features of the parent frame and also has an identical correspondence to it. Figure 2 shows the relationship of Emotion_by_stimulus and its parent frame. Frame elements of this frame are listed in table 3.
Figure 2. The Relationship between Emotion_by_stimulus and Emotions
1 Greyed words are the frame elements of the discussed frame.
Emotions
Emotions_by_stimulus Inherited by
Perspectivized in Used by
Two child frames Ten child frames
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Table 3: List of core frame elements of Emotion_by_stimulus frame (FrameNet) Core frame
elements
Definition and example
Event The Event is the occasion or happening that Experiencers in a certain emotional state participate in.
Example: I am helping them to have the joyful [birth EVENT] they want.
Experiencer The Experiencer is the person or sentient entity that experiences or feels the emotions.
Example: At Medicine Man's ragtime dance contest, a jubilant [girl EXPERIENCER] drove the crowd wild.
Expressor The body part, gesture, or other expression of the Experiencer that reflects his or her emotional state. They describe a presentation of the experience or emotion denoted by the adjective or noun.
Example: He met me with a glad [face EXPRESSOR].
State The State is the abstract noun that describes a more lasting experience by the Experiencer.
Example: Putin?s initiative caused joyful [excitement STATE] in Baku on Friday.
Stimulus The Stimulus is the person, event, or state of affairs that evokes the emotional response in the Experiencer.
Example: [Putin?s STIMULUS] initiative caused joyful excitement in Baku on Friday.
Topic The Topic is the general area in which the emotion occurs. It indicates a range of possible Stimulus.
Example: Earl is jubilant [about his new swim trunks TOPIC].
15 3.1.2 Using of
Next, the ten frames of the relation, Using of, are introduced in alphabetical order. They share the same child frame level as Emotion_by_stimulus frame (Figure 3).
Figure 3. The ten frames of Using-of relation to Emotions
3.1.2.1 Contrition frame
The definition is that an Experiencer feels bad about a choice, an Action, or a failure to doing something, which they now consider to have been a mistake or wrong. Experiencer may show his or her emotional state in gestures or facial expressions, viz. an Expressor. The frame has representative examples,
(15) [Smithers EXPERIENCER] did not [repent CONTRITION] [of his crime ACTION] and
(16) It is God who rejoices at the [repentance CONTRITION] [of his sinner EXPERIENCER].
Emotions
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The lexical units contains contrite, contrition, guilt, guilty, penitence, penitent, remorse, remorseful, remorseless, repent, repentance, repentant, rue, rueful, sorry, and unrepentant. Core frame elements are not just the grayed words in definition, Experiencer, Action, Expressor, but also Emotional_state is the frame element (FE) that is included in this frame (see Table 4).
Table 4: List of core frame elements of Contrition frame (FrameNet) Core frame
elements
Definition and example
Action The FE Action marks expressions that indicate a prior action that the Experiencer has come to feel bad about.
Example: They confessed and repented [their actions against the Soviet Union
ACTION].
Emotional_state The FE Emotional_state is modified by an adjective that indicates the Experiencer is contrite.
Example: Martha had a guilty [conscience EMOTIONAL_STATE] after selling inferior merchandise.
Experiencer The FE Experiencer indicates the person who experiences the emotion about their prior action.
Example: [Smithers EXPERIENCER] was contrite about his wrongdoings.
Expressor The FE Expressor marks expressions that indicate a gesture or body part which is displaying the Emotional_state of the Experiencer.
Example: Repentant [tears EXPRESSOR] welled to his eyes.
17 3.1.2.2 Desiring frame
This frame is defined that an Experiencer desires that an Event occurs. Sometimes, the Experiencer is an active participant in the Event of which the Event itself is often not mentioned, but rather some Focal_participant which is involved subordinately. Generally, the lemmas in this frame imply that the Event has not yet happened, but that Experiencer believes that they would be happier if it did. In some cases, the Time_of_Event, Purpose_of_Event, or the Location_of_Event are mentioned without the clear mention of the Event.
(17) [I EXPERIENCER] only [wanted DESIRING] [one piece of candy FOCAL_PARTICIPANT].
(18) [The company EXPERIENCER]was [eager DESIRING] [for him FOCAL_PARTICIPANT] [to leave as soon as possible EVENT].
(19) [Susan EXPERIENCER] really [wishes DESIRING] [that you 'd listen to her EVENT].
Lexical units in this frame are ache, ambition, aspiration, aspire, covet, covetous, crave, craving, desire, desire (N), desired, desirous, dying, eager, fancy, feel_like, hanker, hankering, hope, hope, hunger, hunger, hungry, in_hopes_of, in_the_hope_of, interested, long, longing, lust, lust, pine, raring, spoiling, thirst, thirst, thirsty, urge, want, wants, will, will, wish (that), wish, wish, yearn, yearning, yen, and yen (N).
Table 5: List of core frame elements of Desiring frame (FrameNet)
Core frame
elements
Definition and example
Event The change that the Experiencer would like to see.
Example: The company was eager for him [to leave as soon as possible
EVENT].
Experiencer The Experiencer is the person (or sentient being) who wishes for the Event
18 to occur.
Example: [The company EXPERIENCER] was eager for him to leave as soon as possible..
Focal_participant This is the entity that the Experiencer wishes to be affected by some Event.
Example: The company was eager [for him FOCAL_PARTICIPANT] to leave as soon as possible.
Location_of_Event The Location_of_Event is the place involved in the desired Event.
Example: I want that box [on top of the other one LOCATION_OF_EVENT ].
3.1.2.3 Emotion_active frame
Lexical units, agonize, fret, fuss, lose_sleep, obsess, obsession, and worry define this frame contains a subject Experiencer, but here the verbs are more 'active' in meaning as they often occur in negative imperatives and occur with Topic expressions and can be used in the present progressive:
(20) Pat is still [worrying EMOTION_ACTIVE] [about the exam TOPIC].
Besides, this frame can be thought of as a blend of a basic emotion frame with Cogitation.
Table 6: List of core frame elements of Emotion_active frame (FrameNet)
Core frame
elements
Definition and example
Experiencer The FE Experiencer indicates the one who is actively expressing emotion over the Topic. It usually occurs as the subject of the verb.
Example: [Kim EXPERIENCER] worried about the phone bill.
Topic The Experiencer's emotion generally is about something. This is indicated
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with a Topic which usually occurs in a PP-Complement.
Example: Kim fretted [over the exam TOPIC].
3.1.2.4 Emotion_directed frame
The adjectives and nouns, e.g., happy, sad anger, interest, in this frame describe an Experiencer who is feeling or experiencing a particular emotional response to a Stimulus or about a Topic. The response occurs under a Circumstances or there can be a Reason that the Stimulus evokes the particular response in the Experiencer.
(21) Mr. Whiskers is [upset EMOTION_DIRECTED] [that there are no more cat treats STIMULUS].
(22) The [furious EMOTION_DIRECTED] parent stormed into the office.
This frame containing more than 150 lemmas is one of the few emotion frames with a massive number of lexical units. The lexical units are abashed, affronted, agitated, agitation, agonized, agony, alarmed, all about, amused, amusement, anger, angry, anguish, anguished, annoyance, annoyed, anxious, appalled, ashamed, astonished, astonishment, astounded, baffled, bafflement, befuddled, bewildered, bewilderment, blue, bored, boredom, chagrin, chagrined, concern, concerned, contented, covetous, crestfallen, cross, dejected, dejection, delight, delighted, depressed, desolate, despair, despondency, despondent, devastated, disappointed, disappointment, discomfited, discomfiture, disconcerted, disconcertion, disconsolate, discouraged, discouragement, disgruntled, disgruntlement, disheartened, dismay, dismayed, disorientation, disoriented, displeased, displeasure, disquiet, disquieted, distress, distressed, downcast, downhearted, ecstatic, elated, elation, embarrassed, embarrassment, embittered, enraged, exasperated, exasperation, excited, excitement, exhilarated, exhilaration, fascinated, fed up, fed-up, flabbergasted, flummoxed, flustered, frightened, furious, fury, glee, gleeful, glum, glumness, gratification, gratified, grief-stricken, grief, happy, harried, heartbreak, heartbroken, horrified,
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horror, humiliated, incensed, inconsolable, indignant, infuriated, interest, interested, into, irate, irked, irritated, jubilant, livid, low-spirited, lugubrious, mad, miffed, miserable, mortification, mortified, mournful, mourning, mystification, mystified, nervous, nettled, nonplussed, offended, overjoyed, overwrought, peeved, perplexed, perplexity, perturbed, petrified, pleased, puzzlement, rattled, relaxed, resentful, revolted, revulsion, riled, ruffled, sad, saddened, sadness, shocked, sickened, sore, sorrow, sorrowful, startled, stressed, stunned, stupefaction, stupefied, sympathetic, sympathize, sympathy, terror-stricken, thrilled, tormented, traumatised, unsettled, unsympathetic, upset, vexation, vexed, woebegone, worried, and wretched.
Table 7: List of core frame elements of Emotion_directed frame (FrameNet) Core frame
elements
Definition and example
Event The Event is the occasion or happening that Experiencers in a certain emotional state participate in.
Example: The end of the film was filled with jubilant [scenes EVENT].
Experiencer The Experiencer is the person or sentient entity that experiences or feels the emotions.
Example: Nan Ho turned, [his EXPERIENCER] extreme agitation unnoticed by the Prince.
Expressor The Frame Element Expressor marks expressions that indicate a body part, gesture or other expression of the Experiencer that reflects his or her emotional state. They describe a presentation of the experience or emotion denoted by the adjective or noun.
Example: "Can I help you?" she asked, trying not to let him see the
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amusement [in her blue eyes EXPRESSOR].
State The State is the abstract noun that describes a more lasting experience by the Experiencer.
Example: Tracy was in an irritated [mood STATE].
Stimulus The Stimulus is the person, event, or state of affairs that evokes the emotional response in the Experiencer.
Example: Liz's anger [towards Raquel STIMULUS] dates back to a charity dinner this year.
Topic The Topic is the general area in which the emotion occurs. It indicates a range of possible Stimulus.
Example: I was angry [about the war TOPIC].
3.1.2.5 Emotion_heat frame
Emotion_heat frame contains verbs, boil, burn, chafe, fume, seethe, simmer, smoulder, and stew, describing emotional experiences and participate in the locative alternation as in (23) and (24).
(23) I was [boiling EMOTION_HEAT] [with anger EMOTION].
(24) [Anger EMOTION] was [boiling EMOTION_HEAT] [inside me SEAT_OF_EMOTION].
While these words act like support verbs for emotion nouns such as anger, the same verbs can be used in the absence of such nouns in (25).
(25) His remarks made me boil (inside).
Table 8: List of core frame elements of Emotion_heat frame (FrameNet) Core frame Definition and example
22 elements
Emotion The Emotion experienced (usually restricted to words such as anger, fury, rage, passion) can occur as the External Argument or in a PP Complement.
Alternatively, there may be no expression of Emotion separate from the target verb:
Example: [Rage EMOTION] boiled inside him.
Experiencer The Experiencer is the individual that experiences the Emotion.
Example: [Pat EXPERIENCER] seethed with rage.
Seat of emotion The words in this frame can occur with an overtly expressed Seat of the Emotion. This frame element occurs as a PP Complement:
Example: Fury seethed [within her SEAT OF EMOTION].
3.1.2.6 Experiencer_obj frame
It contains the definition of that some phenomenon (the Stimulus) provokes a particular emotion in an Experiencer as in (26).
(26) [Nightmare on Elm Street STIMULUS] [scared EXPERIENCER_OBJ] [me EXPERIENCER] silly.
Lexical units in this frame are more than a hundred, and these lemmas are abash, aggravate, aggrieve, alarm, amaze, anger, annoy, antagonize, astonish, astound, baffle, beguile, bewilder, bewitch, boggle, bore, calm, captivate, charm, cheer, comfort, conciliate, confuse, console, crush, dazzle, delight, demolish, depress, devastate, disappoint, discomfit, disconcert, discourage, dishearten, displease, distress, disturb, embarrass, embitter, enchant, enrage, entertain, enthrall, exasperate, excite, exhilarate, fascinate, faze, flabbergast, floor, flummox, fluster, frighten, frustrate, fulfill, gall, gladden, gratify, hearten, humiliate, impress, incense, infuriate, interest,
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intimidate, intrigue, irk, irritate, madden, mollify, mortify, mystify, nettle, nonplus, offend, outrage, pacify, perplex, perturb, petrify, placate, please, puzzle, rankle, rattle, reassure, repel, revolt, rile, sadden, satisfy, scare, shake, shame, shock, shocker[N], sicken, sober, solace, soothe, spook, startle, stimulate, sting, stir, stun, stupefy, surprise[N], surprise, terrify, thrill, tickle, torment, traumatize, trouble[N], trouble, unnerve, unsettle, upset, vex, vexation[N], and wow.
Table 9: List of core frame elements of Experiencer_obj frame (FrameNet)
Core frame
elements
Definition and example
Experiencer The Experiencer reacts emotionally or psychologically to the Stimulus.
Example: Horror films terrify [Edna EXPERIENCER].
Stimulus The Stimulus is the event or entity which brings about the emotional or psychological state of the Experiencer.
Example: [The news STIMULUS] greatly alarms all the women of the village.
3.1.2.7 Feeling frame
In this frame an Experiencer experiences an Emotion or is in an Emotional_state. An Evaluation of the internal experiential state is also included.
(27) [John EXPERIENCER] [ feels FEELING] [ [anger towards his mother EMOTION].
(28) [Martha EXPERIENCER] [feels FEELING] [angry EMOTIONAL_STATE].
Inalienably possessed aspects of the Experiencer frequently stand in for the Experiencer.
(29) [Her heart EXPERIENCER] [felt FEELING] [angry EMOTIONAL_STATE].
This frame only takes emotion, experience, feel, feelings, and full as lemmas.
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Table 10: List of core frame elements of Feeling frame (FrameNet)
Core frame
elements
Definition and example
Emotion The Emotion is the feeling that the Experiencer experiences.
Example: Patients experience [high anxiety levels EMOTION] at time of admission to hospital.
Emotional_state The Emotional_state is the state the Experiencer is in.
Example: Her heart was galloping so fast that she felt [quite giddy with happiness EMOTIONAL_STATE].
Evaluation The Evaluation is a negative or positive assessment of the Experiencer regarding his or her Emotional_state.
Example: Max was feeling [worse than he'd ever felt in his life EVALUATION].
Experiencer The Experiencer experiences the Emotion or is in the Emotional_state.
Example: After two pints, [he EXPERIENCER] felt a bit better and Ted arrived.
3.1.2.8 Forgiveness frame
This frame is special for there exists no Experiencer not Stimulus frame elements. It is defined that a Judge refrains from imposing, or demanding a punishment for an Evaluee who has committed an Offense. This frame is exemplified in (30) and (31).
(30) [God JUDGE] [forgive FORGIVENESS] [repentant sinners EVALUEE].
(31) Won't [you JUDGE] [forgive FORGIVENESS] [me EVALUEE] for keeping it a secret?
Similar to Feeling frames, lexical units are few, containing only condone, excuse, forgive, forgiveness, and pardon.
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Table 11: List of core frame elements of Forgiveness frame (FrameNet)
Core frame
elements
Definition and example
Evaluee The Evaluee is subject to the judgment of the Judge for having committed the Offense.
Example: God forgives [repentant sinners EVALUEE].
Judge The Judge holds the Evaluee responsible for the Offense.
Example: Won't [you JUDGE] forgive me for keeping it a secret?
Offense The Offense is the illicit or unpleasant act committed by the Evaluee.
Example: Won't you forgive me [for keeping it a secret OFFENSE]?
3.1.2.9 Judgment frame
In Judgment frame, a Cognizer makes a judgment about an Evaluee as in (32).
(32) [She COGNIZER] [admired JUDGMENT] [Einstein EVALUEE] for his character.
The judgment may be positive (e.g. respect) or negative (e.g. condemn), as this information is stored in the semantic types on the Lexical Units of this frame. A specific Reason for the Cognizer's judgment and a capacity or Role in which the Evaluee is judged are included.
The core frame elements are listed as below. Lexical Units are appreciate, appreciation, appreciative, approbation, approving, blame, blame, boo, contempt, contemptuous, critical, damnation, deify, deplore, derisive, disapproval, disapprove, disapproving, disdain, disdain, disdainful, disrespect, esteem, esteem, exalt, exaltation, fault, fault, mock, mockery, prize, reprehensible, reproach, reproachful, respect, respect, revere, reverence, scorn, scorn, scornful, set store, stigma, stigmatize, stricture, uncritical, value, and vilification.
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Table 12: List of core frame elements of Judgment frame (FrameNet)
Core frame
elements
Definition and example
Cognizer The Cognizer makes the judgment. This role is typically expressed as the External Argument (or in a by-PP in passives).
Example: [The boss COGNIZER] appreciates you for your diligence.
Evaluee Evaluee is the person or thing about whom/which a judgment is made. With verbs this FE is typically expressed as Object:
Example: The boss appreciates [you EVALUEE] for your diligence.
Expressor Expressor is the body part or action by a body part that conveys the judgment made by the Cognizer.
Example: She viewed him with an appreciative [gaze EXPRESSOR].
Reason Typically, there is a constituent expressing the REASON for the Judge's judgment. It is usually a for-PP, e.g.
Example: I admire you [for your intellect REASON].
3.1.2.10 Predicament frame
An Experiencer in Predicament frame is in an undesirable Situation, whose Cause may also be expressed.
(33) [The insurers EXPERIENCER] [ended up in CAUSE] the [bind PREDICAMENT] [of having to pay 15 years' taxes SITUATION].
(34) What a [mess PREDICAMENT] [we EXPERIENCER] 're in now!
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Lexical Units in Predicament frame are bind, fix, jam, mess, misfortune, pickle, pinch, plight, predicament, problem, scrape, and trouble. The core frame elements of Predicament frame is listed in Table 13.
Table 13: List of core frame elements of Predicament frame (FrameNet)
Core frame
elements
Definition and example
Experiencer The Experiencer is in an undesirable Situation.
Example: [The insurers EXPERIENCER] ended up in a bind.
Situation This FE identifies the undesirable Situation the Experiencer is in.
Example: They found themselves in a quite [a fix SITUATION].
The previous 10 frames use Emotions as background, which describe emotional events or states. Among them, Emotion_directed has the most lemmas and the second goes to Experiencer_obj frame which contains less than 200 lemmas.
3.1.3 Perspectivized on
The following two frames are perspectivized emotion frames. They are the only frames in Emotions using perspectives. One frame focuses on the participant, Experiencer, and the other, Stimulus, which are the most dominant participants in Emotions. These two frames put their emphasized participant mostly in the position of syntactic subject. Similar to Emotion_by_stimulus frame and Using-of frames, the two Perspectivized-on frames are at the same hierarchy position as them, as exemplified in Figure 4.
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Figure 4. The two frames of Perspectivized-on relation to Emotions
3.1.3.1 Experiencer_focus frame
The words in Experiencer_focus frame describe an Experiencer's emotions with respect to some Content. A Reason for the emotion may also be expressed. Content may refer to an actual, current state of affairs, or very often it refers to a general situation causing the emotion.
(35) Smoking gives [me EXPERIENCER] extreme [pleasure EXPERIENCER_FOCUS].
With certain verbs, the Circumstances can be expressed in a finite clausal or wh- Complement which may optionally be preceded by a Null NP Object:
(36) [I EXPERIENCER] [hate EXPERIENCER_FOCUS] it [when you do that CIRCUMSTANCES].
Table 14 has listed all the frame elements of this frame with examples. Lexical Units of this frame can take different grammatical forms, including verbs, adjectives, nouns, adjectival passives and adverbs and they are abhor, abhorrence, abominate, adoration, adore, afraid, agape, antipathy, apprehensive, calm, comfort, compassion, delight, despair, desperation, despise, detest, detestation, dislike, dislike, dissatisfied, dread, dread, empathetic, empathize, empathy, enjoy,
Emotions
Emotions_by_stimulus Inherited by
Perspectivized in Used by
Ten child frames
Experiencer_focus Stimulus_focus
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enjoyment, envy, envy, fazed, fear, fear, fed up, feverish, feverishly, fond, freaked, frightened, fulfilled, fulfillment, grief-stricken, grieve, happily, hate, hatred, interested, intimidated, irritated,
enjoyment, envy, envy, fazed, fear, fear, fed up, feverish, feverishly, fond, freaked, frightened, fulfilled, fulfillment, grief-stricken, grieve, happily, hate, hatred, interested, intimidated, irritated,