Empirical results

In this study, Frontier 4.1 is applied to estimate the parameters of the translog cost frontier function. The results of the stochastic frontier estimation are shown in Tables 4 and 5.

Table 4 summarizes the estimation results obtained for the stochastic frontier approach, showing that the translog cost function specified in the previous chapter fits the data well. The coefficients of most inputs and outputs are statistically significant.

That means the selection of inputs and outputs is appropriate for the cost frontier estimation. The coefficients with respect to output variables,

room revenue β

₄ and other operation revenue

β

₅, are 3.0028, and 1.1477, respectively. The positive signs indicate that an increase in output will lead to an increase in the total cost.

Except for the hotel located in the non-metropolitan area, the coefficients of all environmental variables are negative. That means these four environments can decrease cost inefficiency. The results also show that

δ

₁ is significantly positive while

δ

₂,

δ

₃,

δ

₄, and

δ

₅are significantly negative. A positive value indicates that an increase in environmental variables will lead to an increase in cost inefficiency. A negative value indicates that an increase in environmental variables will lead to a decrease in cost inefficiency. The environmental variable of operation type, such as chain hotels, is significant at the 1% level. The environmental variable for the number of tourist guides is also significant at the 1% level. The environmental variables of international transportation, such as international airports, are significant at the 1% level.

In addition to all of the above, the environmental variables significantly affect hotel cost efficiency.

The ratio of the variability for U and V can be used to estimate the relative inefficiency in a hotel. It is an estimate of the amount of variation stemming from inefficiency relative to noise for the sample. The values of λ and

γ

, where

U / V

λ σ σ

= and

γ σ σ

= _U² / _V², are 4.3916 and 0.9507, respectively. Therefore,

γ

is significant at 1% level. The fact that

γ

is close to one reveals that a significant proportion of variance in the composite error term comes from the inefficiency effect.

For this reason, it is appropriate to use the stochastic frontier approach in this study.

Table 4. Parameter estimates of the translog cost frontier function

Variable Coefficient Estimate t-ratio

Constant in the cost frontier

β

₀ -5.8367 -1.4392*

( ) ( )

Total number of observations 545

Note: ***, **, and * represent significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively.

Table 5 shows the efficiency scores measured from the residuals. The mean efficiency is 91.15%. This value indicates that, to operate efficiently, hotels could only reduce their input costs by 8.85% without decreasing their outputs. In this study, the hotel outputs are defined as room revenue, food and beverage revenue, and other

operation revenue. The score of the maximum hotel efficiency is 97.79% while the minimum efficiency score is 71.29%. The median efficiency is 92.39% and the standard deviation is 5.11%. These efficiency scores are higher than those listed in previous literatures in the same industry. For example, the corresponding values are 21.6%, 80.29%, and 89.4% in Portugal (Barros, 2004), Taiwan (Chen, 2007), and the United States (Anderson et. al, 1999), respectively. Tables 6 to 15 are efficiency scores of individual international tourist hotels, one table for each year from 1997 to 2006.

Table 5. Average cost efficiency rankings of Taiwanese international tourist hotels

0.9463 18 35 Plaza International

Hotel 0.9506 13

3 Mandarina Crown

Hotel 0.8707 55 36 Evergreen Laurel Hotel

0.9370 29 4 Imperial Taipei

0.8499 59 37 Howard Plaza Hotel

Taichung 0.9636 6

5 Gloria Prince Hotel 0.9383 27 38 Splendor Taichung 0.9019 45 6 Emperor Hotel 0.9423 22 39 Hotel Royal Chiao-His 0.9779 1 7 Hotel Riverview

Taipei 0.9395 26 40 Marshal Hotel

0.9139 39 8 Caesar Park Taipei

0.9636 6 41 Chinatrust Hotel

Hualien 0.9373 28

9 Golden China Hotel 0.9648 5 42 Parkview Hotel 0.9266 33

10 San Want Hotel 0.9114 42 43 Taroko 0.9473 17

11 Brother Hotel

0.9432 20 44 Hotel Landis China

Yangmingshan 0.9164 36

0.9546 9 47 Hotel Royal Chihpen

Spa 0.9080 43

15 Sheraton Taipei

Hotel 0.8845 50 48 Grand Formosa Hotel

0.8065 64 16 Taipei Fortuna

Hotel 0.9123 40 49 Howard Beach Resort

Kending 0.9140 38

17 Holiday Inn

Asiaworld Taipei 0.8356 60 50 Hibiscus Resorts

0.7129 66 18 Hotel Royal Taipei 0.9699 2 51 Lalu Sun Moon Lake 0.9404 25 19 Howard Plaza Hotel 0.9272 32 52 Taoyuan Holiday Hotel 0.9211 34 20 Rebar Crowne

Plaza Taipei 0.8655 56 53 Hotel Tainan

0.9498 15

Taipei 0.9617 8 56 Ambassador Hotel

Hsinchu 0.9424 21

24 Far Eastern Plaza

Hotel Taipei 0.9503 14 57 Formosan Naruwan

Hotel 0.8812 51

25 Westin Hotel

0.9539 11 58 Tayih Landis Tainan

Hotel 0.9498 15

26 Hotel Kingdom

0.8796 52 59 Jen Dow International

Hotel 0.9033 44

27 Holiday Garden

Kaohsiung 0.8945 48 60 Plaza Hotel

0.7612 65 28 Ambassador Hotel

Kaohsiung 0.8553 58 61 Le Midi Hotel Chitou

0.8762 53 29 Han-Hsien

international Hotel 0.8966 46 62 Royal Less Hotel

0.9678 4 30 Grand Hi-Lai Hotel 0.9370 29 63 Miramar Garden Taipei 0.8560 57 31 Howard Plaza Hotel

Kaohsiung 0.9370 29 64 Chinatrust Hotel Sun

Moon Lake 0.9515 12

32 Splendor

Kaohsiung 0.8351 61 65 EI Dorado Hotel

0.8295 63 33 Park Hotel

0.9418 23 66 Evergreen Plaza Hotel

Tainan 0.9186 35

Table 6. The efficiency scores of international tourist hotels in Taiwan (1997)

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency 1 The Grand Hotel 0.6244 ²⁸ The Ambassador Hotel Kaohsiung 0.7802

2 The Ambassador Hotel 0.9326 ²⁹ Han-Hsien international Hotel 0.9131

3 Mandarina Crown Hotel 0.7960 ³⁰ Grand Hi-Lai Hotel 0.9497

4 Imperial Taipei 0.3994 ³¹ Howard Plaza Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9211

5 Gloria Prince Hotel 0.9575 ^{33 Park Hotel} 0.9562

6 Emperor Hotel 0.9631 ^{34 Hotel National} 0.8566

7 Hotel Riverview Taipei 0.9369 ³⁵ Plaza International Hotel 0.9412

8 Caesar Park Taipei 0.9234 ³⁶ Evergreen Laurel Hotel 0.8894

9 Golden China Hotel 0.9623 ³⁷ Howard Plaza Hotel Taichung 0.9591

10 San Want Hotel 0.8078 40 Marshal Hotel 0.9264

11 Brother Hotel 0.9383 ⁴¹ Chinatrust Hotel Hualien 0.9411

12 Santos Hotel 0.8976 42 Parkview Hotel 0.9449

13 The Ritz Landis Hotel 0.9452 ^{44 Hotel Landis China} Yangmingshan 0.8954

14 United Hotel 0.9530 ⁴⁵ The Grand Hotel Kaohsiung 0.8447

15 Sheraton Taipei Hotel 0.9261 ⁴⁶ Caesar Park Hotel Kending 0.9294

16 Taipei Fortuna Hotel 0.9336 ⁴⁷ Hotel Royal Chihpen Spa 0.9478

17 Holiday Inn Asiaworld Taipei 0.7561 ⁴⁸ Grand Formosa Hotel 0.6214

18 Hotel Royal Taipei 0.9712 ⁵² Taoyuan Holiday Hotel 0.9377

19 Howard Plaza Hotel 0.9471 ^{53 Hotel Tainan} 0.9613

20 Rebar Crowne Plaza Taipei 0.8906 ⁵⁴ Ta Shee Resort Hotel 0.9599

21 Grand Hyatt Taipei 0.9022 ⁵⁹ Jen Dow International Hotel 0.9279

22 Grand Formosa Regent Taipei 0.9690 ⁶¹ Le Midi Hotel Chitou 0.9234

23 The Sherwood Hotel Taipei 0.9620 63 Miramar Garden Taipei 0.8569

24 Far Eastern Plaza Hotel Taipei 0.9494 ⁶⁴ Chinatrust Hotel Sun Moon Lake 0.9577

26 Hotel Kingdom 0.8937 ⁶⁵ EI Dorado Hotel 0.8295

27 Holiday Garden Kaohsiung 0.9182

Mean efficiency Highest efficiency

0.8947 0.9712

Lowest efficiency 0.3994

Median efficiency 0.9294

Standard deviation 0.1042

Table 7. The efficiency scores of international tourist hotels in Taiwan (1998)

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency 1 The Grand Hotel 0.7562 ²⁸ The Ambassador Hotel Kaohsiung 0.7325

2 The Ambassador Hotel 0.9331 ²⁹ Han-Hsien international Hotel 0.9057

3 Mandarina Crown Hotel 0.8482 ³⁰ Grand Hi-Lai Hotel 0.9388

4 Imperial Taipei 0.9039 ³¹ Howard Plaza Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9331

5 Gloria Prince Hotel 0.9509 ^{33 Park Hotel} 0.9261

6 Emperor Hotel 0.9388 ^{34 Hotel National} 0.8909

7 Hotel Riverview Taipei 0.8025 ³⁵ Plaza International Hotel 0.9647

8 Caesar Park Taipei 0.9645 ³⁶ Evergreen Laurel Hotel 0.9192

9 Golden China Hotel 0.9596 ³⁷ Howard Plaza Hotel Taichung 0.9621

10 San Want Hotel 0.8830 40 Marshal Hotel 0.9204

11 Brother Hotel 0.9348 ⁴¹ Chinatrust Hotel Hualien 0.9294

12 Santos Hotel 0.9081 42 Parkview Hotel 0.9432

13 The Ritz Landis Hotel 0.9346 ^{44 Hotel Landis China} Yangmingshan 0.9224

14 United Hotel 0.8973 ⁴⁵ The Grand Hotel Kaohsiung 0.8331

15 Sheraton Taipei Hotel 0.9242 ⁴⁶ Caesar Park Hotel Kending 0.9518

16 Taipei Fortuna Hotel 0.8387 ⁴⁷ Hotel Royal Chihpen Spa 0.9477

17 Holiday Inn Asiaworld Taipei 0.8464 ⁴⁸ Grand Formosa Hotel 0.8132

18 Hotel Royal Taipei 0.9622 ⁴⁹ Howard Beach Resort Kending 0.8815

19 Howard Plaza Hotel 0.9412 ⁵² Taoyuan Holiday Hotel 0.9327

20 Rebar Crowne Plaza Taipei 0.8815 ^{53 Hotel Tainan} 0.9634

21 Grand Hyatt Taipei 0.9217 ⁵⁴ Ta Shee Resort Hotel 0.9394

22 Grand Formosa Regent Taipei 0.9660 ⁵⁹ Jen Dow International Hotel 0.9365

23 The Sherwood Hotel Taipei 0.9573 ^{60 Plaza Hotel} 0.6475

24 Far Eastern Plaza Hotel Taipei 0.9610 ⁶¹ Le Midi Hotel Chitou 0.9606

26 Hotel Kingdom 0.9443 63 Miramar Garden Taipei 0.8700

27 Holiday Garden Kaohsiung 0.8956 ⁶⁴ Chinatrust Hotel Sun Moon Lake 0.9654

Mean efficiency Highest efficiency

0.9074 0.9660

Lowest efficiency 0.6475

Median efficiency 0.9311

Standard deviation 0.0648

Table 8. The efficiency scores of international tourist hotels in Taiwan (1999)

2 The Ambassador Hotel 0.9425 ³¹ Howard Plaza Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9353

3 Mandarina Crown Hotel 0.8112 ^{33 Park Hotel} 0.9653

4 Imperial Taipei 0.8532 ^{34 Hotel National} 0.8859

5 Gloria Prince Hotel 0.9004 ³⁵ Plaza International Hotel 0.9463

6 Emperor Hotel 0.9489 ³⁶ Evergreen Laurel Hotel 0.9325

7 Hotel Riverview Taipei 0.9463 ³⁷ Howard Plaza Hotel Taichung 0.9463

8 Caesar Park Taipei 0.9607 ^{38 The Splendor Taichung} 0.8635

10 San Want Hotel 0.8973 40 Marshal Hotel 0.9222

11 Brother Hotel 0.9450 ⁴¹ Chinatrust Hotel Hualien 0.8958

12 Santos Hotel 0.9217 42 Parkview Hotel 0.9185

13 The Ritz Landis Hotel 0.9376 ^{44 Hotel Landis China} Yangmingshan 0.9433

14 United Hotel 0.9368 ⁴⁵ The Grand Hotel Kaohsiung 0.8777

15 Sheraton Taipei Hotel 0.9224 ⁴⁶ Caesar Park Hotel Kending 0.9331

16 Taipei Fortuna Hotel 0.9100 ⁴⁷ Hotel Royal Chihpen Spa 0.9404

17 Holiday Inn Asiaworld Taipei 0.8987 ⁴⁸ Grand Formosa Hotel 0.7553

18 Hotel Royal Taipei 0.9698 ⁴⁹ Howard Beach Resort Kending 0.9444

19 Howard Plaza Hotel 0.9414 ⁵² Taoyuan Holiday Hotel 0.9006

20 Rebar Crowne Plaza Taipei 0.8759 ^{53 Hotel Tainan} 0.9675

27 Holiday Garden Kaohsiung 0.9171 63 Miramar Garden Taipei 0.8410

28 The Ambassador Hotel Kaohsiung 0.8168 ⁶⁴ Chinatrust Hotel Sun Moon Lake 0.9314

29 Han-Hsien international Hotel 0.9018

Mean efficiency Highest efficiency

0.9079 0.9698

Lowest efficiency 0.7008

Median efficiency 0.9230

Standard deviation 0.0567

Table 9. The efficiency scores of international tourist hotels in Taiwan (2000)

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency 1 The Grand Hotel 0.8866 ²⁸ The Ambassador Hotel Kaohsiung 0.8270

2 The Ambassador Hotel 0.9323 ²⁹ Han-Hsien international Hotel 0.8525

3 Mandarina Crown Hotel 0.8372 ³⁰ Grand Hi-Lai Hotel 0.9294

4 Imperial Taipei 0.8813 ³¹ Howard Plaza Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9264

5 Gloria Prince Hotel 0.9096 ³² The Splendor Kaohsiung 0.8952

6 Emperor Hotel 0.9439 ^{33 Park Hotel} 0.9321

7 Hotel Riverview Taipei 0.9536 ^{34 Hotel National} 0.8826

8 Caesar Park Taipei 0.9668 ³⁵ Plaza International Hotel 0.9359

9 Golden China Hotel 0.9683 ³⁶ Evergreen Laurel Hotel 0.9347

10 San Want Hotel 0.9096 ³⁷ Howard Plaza Hotel Taichung 0.9526

11 Brother Hotel 0.9516 ^{38 The Splendor Taichung} 0.9390

12 Santos Hotel 0.9089 40 Marshal Hotel 0.8859

13 The Ritz Landis Hotel 0.9404 ⁴¹ Chinatrust Hotel Hualien 0.9134

14 United Hotel 0.9736 42 Parkview Hotel 0.9331

15 Sheraton Taipei Hotel 0.9322 ^{44 Hotel Landis China} Yangmingshan 0.9406

16 Taipei Fortuna Hotel 0.9129 ⁴⁵ The Grand Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9079

17 Holiday Inn Asiaworld Taipei 0.9085 ⁴⁶ Caesar Park Hotel Kending 0.8113

18 Hotel Royal Taipei 0.9674 ⁴⁷ Hotel Royal Chihpen Spa 0.9163

19 Howard Plaza Hotel 0.9448 ⁴⁸ Grand Formosa Hotel 0.5931

20 Rebar Crowne Plaza Taipei 0.8597 ⁴⁹ Howard Beach Resort Kending 0.9013

21 Grand Hyatt Taipei 0.8643 ⁵² Taoyuan Holiday Hotel 0.9073

22 Grand Formosa Regent Taipei 0.9658 ^{53 Hotel Tainan} 0.9637

23 The Sherwood Hotel Taipei 0.9608 ⁵⁴ Ta Shee Resort Hotel 0.9612

Lowest efficiency 0.5931

Median efficiency 0.9279

Standard deviation 0.0693

Table 10. The efficiency scores of international tourist hotels in Taiwan (2001)

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency 1 The Grand Hotel 0.8360 ²⁹ Han-Hsien international Hotel 0.8816

2 The Ambassador Hotel 0.9354 ³⁰ Grand Hi-Lai Hotel 0.8880

3 Mandarina Crown Hotel 0.8968 ³¹ Howard Plaza Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9136

4 Imperial Taipei 0.8710 ³² The Splendor Kaohsiung 0.8153

5 Gloria Prince Hotel 0.9274 ^{33 Park Hotel} 0.9220

6 Emperor Hotel 0.9052 ^{34 Hotel National} 0.8939

7 Hotel Riverview Taipei 0.9622 ³⁵ Plaza International Hotel 0.9473

8 Caesar Park Taipei 0.9589 ³⁶ Evergreen Laurel Hotel 0.9238

9 Golden China Hotel 0.9617 ³⁷ Howard Plaza Hotel Taichung 0.9500

11 Brother Hotel 0.9303 ^{38 The Splendor Taichung} 0.9174

12 Santos Hotel 0.9074 40 Marshal Hotel 0.8398

13 The Ritz Landis Hotel 0.9362 ⁴¹ Chinatrust Hotel Hualien 0.9362

14 United Hotel 0.9586 42 Parkview Hotel 0.9336

15 Sheraton Taipei Hotel 0.9091 ^{44 Hotel Landis China} Yangmingshan 0.9006

16 Taipei Fortuna Hotel 0.9245 ⁴⁵ The Grand Hotel Kaohsiung 0.8511

17 Holiday Inn Asiaworld Taipei 0.8581 ⁴⁶ Caesar Park Hotel Kending 0.7797

18 Hotel Royal Taipei 0.9654 ⁴⁷ Hotel Royal Chihpen Spa 0.9181

19 Howard Plaza Hotel 0.9373 ⁴⁸ Grand Formosa Hotel 0.7519

20 Rebar Crowne Plaza Taipei 0.8147 ⁴⁹ Howard Beach Resort Kending 0.9261

21 Grand Hyatt Taipei 0.8327 ⁵⁰ The Hibiscus Resorts 0.6169

22 Grand Formosa Regent Taipei 0.9676 ⁵² Taoyuan Holiday Hotel 0.8920

23 The Sherwood Hotel Taipei 0.9574 ^{53 Hotel Tainan} 0.9278

24 Far Eastern Plaza Hotel Taipei 0.9281 ⁵⁴ Ta Shee Resort Hotel 0.9523

25 The Westin Hotel 0.9277 ⁵⁵ Hotel Royal Hsinchu 0.9498

26 Hotel Kingdom 0.7504 ⁵⁶ The Ambassador Hotel Hsinchu 0.8639

27 Holiday Garden Kaohsiung 0.8124 ⁵⁹ Jen Dow International Hotel 0.9765

28 The Ambassador Hotel Kaohsiung 0.8405 ^{60 Plaza Hotel} 0.6563

Mean efficiency Highest efficiency

0.8915 0.9765

Lowest efficiency 0.6169

Median efficiency 0.9178

Standard deviation 0.0747

Table 11. The efficiency scores of international tourist hotels in Taiwan (2002)

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency 1 The Grand Hotel 0.9185 ²⁹ Han-Hsien international Hotel 0.9186

2 The Ambassador Hotel 0.9470 ³⁰ Grand Hi-Lai Hotel 0.9087

3 Mandarina Crown Hotel 0.9014 ³¹ Howard Plaza Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9374

4 Imperial Taipei 0.8596 ³² The Splendor Kaohsiung 0.7848

5 Gloria Prince Hotel 0.9625 ^{33 Park Hotel} 0.9491

6 Emperor Hotel 0.9313 ^{34 Hotel National} 0.9038

7 Hotel Riverview Taipei 0.9532 ³⁵ Plaza International Hotel 0.9196

8 Caesar Park Taipei 0.9608 ³⁶ Evergreen Laurel Hotel 0.9455

9 Golden China Hotel 0.9619 ³⁷ Howard Plaza Hotel Taichung 0.9626

11 Brother Hotel 0.9520 ^{38 The Splendor Taichung} 0.8931

12 Santos Hotel 0.9213 40 Marshal Hotel 0.8875

13 The Ritz Landis Hotel 0.9410 ⁴¹ Chinatrust Hotel Hualien 0.9476

14 United Hotel 0.9571 42 Parkview Hotel 0.9212

15 Sheraton Taipei Hotel 0.8775 ^{44 Hotel Landis China} Yangmingshan 0.8492

16 Taipei Fortuna Hotel 0.9132 ⁴⁵ The Grand Hotel Kaohsiung 0.8605

17 Holiday Inn Asiaworld Taipei 0.9378 ⁴⁶ Caesar Park Hotel Kending 0.8764

18 Hotel Royal Taipei 0.9696 ⁴⁷ Hotel Royal Chihpen Spa 0.9387

19 Howard Plaza Hotel 0.9260 ⁴⁸ Grand Formosa Hotel 0.8477

20 Rebar Crowne Plaza Taipei 0.8150 ⁴⁹ Howard Beach Resort Kending 0.9249

21 Grand Hyatt Taipei 0.7955 ⁵⁰ The Hibiscus Resorts 0.7076

22 Grand Formosa Regent Taipei 0.9697 ⁵² Taoyuan Holiday Hotel 0.8765

23 The Sherwood Hotel Taipei 0.9587 ^{53 Hotel Tainan} 0.9153

24 Far Eastern Plaza Hotel Taipei 0.9341 ⁵⁴ Ta Shee Resort Hotel 0.9483

25 The Westin Hotel 0.9344 ⁵⁵ Hotel Royal Hsinchu 0.9583

26 Hotel Kingdom 0.7812 ⁵⁶ The Ambassador Hotel Hsinchu 0.9562

27 Holiday Garden Kaohsiung 0.8665 ⁵⁷ Formosan Naruwan Hotel 0.7540

28 The Ambassador Hotel Kaohsiung 0.8800 ⁵⁸ Tayih Landis Tainan Hotel 0.9149

Mean efficiency Highest efficiency

0.9062 0.9697

Lowest efficiency 0.7076

Median efficiency 0.9213

Standard deviation 0.0586

Table 12. The efficiency scores of international tourist hotels in Taiwan (2003)

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency

ID Hotel Cost

efficiency 1 The Grand Hotel 0.8794 ²⁹ Han-Hsien international Hotel 0.9100

2 The Ambassador Hotel 0.9559 ³⁰ Grand Hi-Lai Hotel 0.9564

3 Mandarina Crown Hotel 0.9373 ³¹ Howard Plaza Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9468

4 Imperial Taipei 0.9208 ³² The Splendor Kaohsiung 0.8192

5 Gloria Prince Hotel 0.9642 ^{34 Hotel National} 0.9669

6 Emperor Hotel 0.9445 ³⁵ Plaza International Hotel 0.9540

7 Hotel Riverview Taipei 0.9551 ³⁷ Howard Plaza Hotel Taichung 0.9748

8 Caesar Park Taipei 0.9725 ^{38 The Splendor Taichung} 0.8809

9 Golden China Hotel 0.9675 40 Marshal Hotel 0.9280

10 San Want Hotel 0.9501 ⁴¹ Chinatrust Hotel Hualien 0.9477

11 Brother Hotel 0.9432 42 Parkview Hotel 0.9199

12 Santos Hotel 0.9122 ^{43 Taroko} 0.9530

13 The Ritz Landis Hotel 0.9446 ^{44 Hotel Landis China} Yangmingshan 0.9731

14 United Hotel 0.9656 ⁴⁵ The Grand Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9264

15 Sheraton Taipei Hotel 0.7560 ⁴⁶ Caesar Park Hotel Kending 0.8859

16 Taipei Fortuna Hotel 0.9066 ⁴⁷ Hotel Royal Chihpen Spa 0.9095

17 Holiday Inn Asiaworld Taipei 0.7665 ⁴⁸ Grand Formosa Hotel 0.8366

18 Hotel Royal Taipei 0.9720 ⁴⁹ Howard Beach Resort Kending 0.9191

19 Howard Plaza Hotel 0.9044 ⁵⁰ The Hibiscus Resorts 0.7077

20 Rebar Crowne Plaza Taipei 0.8638 ⁵¹ The Lalu Sun Moon Lake 0.9572

21 Grand Hyatt Taipei 0.8704 ⁵² Taoyuan Holiday Hotel 0.9208

22 Grand Formosa Regent Taipei 0.9737 ^{53 Hotel Tainan} 0.9537

23 The Sherwood Hotel Taipei 0.9666 ⁵⁴ Ta Shee Resort Hotel 0.9544

24 Far Eastern Plaza Hotel Taipei 0.9415 ⁵⁵ Hotel Royal Hsinchu 0.9535

25 The Westin Hotel 0.9664 ⁵⁶ The Ambassador Hotel Hsinchu 0.9541

26 Hotel Kingdom 0.9084 ⁵⁷ Formosan Naruwan Hotel 0.8937

27 Holiday Garden Kaohsiung 0.9010 ⁵⁸ Tayih Landis Tainan Hotel 0.9550

28 The Ambassador Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9071 66 Evergreen Plaza Hotel(Tainan) 0.8946

Mean efficiency Highest efficiency

0.9209 0.9748

Lowest efficiency 0.7077

Median efficiency 0.9424

Standard deviation 0.0557

Table 13. The efficiency scores of international tourist hotels in Taiwan (2004)

2 The Ambassador Hotel 0.9559 ³¹ Howard Plaza Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9468

3 Mandarina Crown Hotel 0.9373 ³² The Splendor Kaohsiung 0.8192

4 Imperial Taipei 0.9208 ^{34 Hotel National} 0.9374

5 Gloria Prince Hotel 0.9642 ³⁵ Plaza International Hotel 0.9647

6 Emperor Hotel 0.9445 ³⁶ Evergreen Laurel Hotel 0.9573

7 Hotel Riverview Taipei 0.9551 ³⁷ Howard Plaza Hotel Taichung 0.9747

8 Caesar Park Taipei 0.9725 ^{38 The Splendor Taichung} 0.8708

9 Golden China Hotel 0.9675 40 Marshal Hotel 0.9280

10 San Want Hotel 0.9501 ⁴¹ Chinatrust Hotel Hualien 0.9516

11 Brother Hotel 0.9432 42 Parkview Hotel 0.9125

12 Santos Hotel 0.9122 ^{43 Taroko} 0.9525

13 The Ritz Landis Hotel 0.9446 ^{44 Hotel Landis China} Yangmingshan 0.9715

14 United Hotel 0.9656 ⁴⁵ The Grand Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9120

15 Sheraton Taipei Hotel 0.7560 ⁴⁶ Caesar Park Hotel Kending 0.8980

16 Taipei Fortuna Hotel 0.9066 ⁴⁷ Hotel Royal Chihpen Spa 0.9111

17 Holiday Inn Asiaworld Taipei 0.7665 ⁴⁸ Grand Formosa Hotel 0.8421

18 Hotel Royal Taipei 0.9720 ⁴⁹ Howard Beach Resort Kending 0.9142

19 Howard Plaza Hotel 0.9044 ⁵⁰ The Hibiscus Resorts 0.6964

20 Rebar Crowne Plaza Taipei 0.8638 ⁵¹ The Lalu Sun Moon Lake 0.9609

21 Grand Hyatt Taipei 0.8704 ⁵² Taoyuan Holiday Hotel 0.9309

22 Grand Formosa Regent Taipei 0.9737 ^{53 Hotel Tainan} 0.9508

23 The Sherwood Hotel Taipei 0.9666 ⁵⁴ Ta Shee Resort Hotel 0.9599

24 Far Eastern Plaza Hotel Taipei 0.9415 ⁵⁵ Hotel Royal Hsinchu 0.9530

25 The Westin Hotel 0.9664 ⁵⁶ The Ambassador Hotel Hsinchu 0.9542

26 Hotel Kingdom 0.9084 ⁵⁷ Formosan Naruwan Hotel 0.8807

27 Holiday Garden Kaohsiung 0.9010 ⁵⁸ Tayih Landis Tainan Hotel 0.9571

28 The Ambassador Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9071 66 Evergreen Plaza Hotel(Tainan) 0.8944

29 Han-Hsien international Hotel 0.9100

Mean efficiency Highest efficiency

0.9208 0.9747

Lowest efficiency 0.6964

Median efficiency 0.9415

Standard deviation 0.0562

Table 14. The efficiency scores of international tourist hotels in Taiwan (2005)

2 The Ambassador Hotel 0.9591 ³¹ Howard Plaza Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9515

4 Imperial Taipei 0.9445 ³² The Splendor Kaohsiung 0.8428

5 Gloria Prince Hotel 0.9342 ^{34 Hotel National} 0.9675

6 Emperor Hotel 0.9465 ³⁵ Plaza International Hotel 0.9664

7 Hotel Riverview Taipei 0.9606 ³⁶ Evergreen Laurel Hotel 0.9627

8 Caesar Park Taipei 0.9759 ³⁷ Howard Plaza Hotel Taichung 0.9765

9 Golden China Hotel 0.9668 ^{38 The Splendor Taichung} 0.9332

10 San Want Hotel 0.9314 40 Marshal Hotel 0.9514

11 Brother Hotel 0.9448 ⁴¹ Chinatrust Hotel Hualien 0.9534

12 Santos Hotel 0.8726 42 Parkview Hotel 0.9096

13 The Ritz Landis Hotel 0.9533 ^{43 Taroko} 0.9476

14 United Hotel 0.9696 ^{44 Hotel Landis China} Yangmingshan 0.9475

15 Sheraton Taipei Hotel 0.8979 ⁴⁵ The Grand Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9368

16 Taipei Fortuna Hotel 0.9395 ⁴⁶ Caesar Park Hotel Kending 0.9175

17 Holiday Inn Asiaworld Taipei 0.7819 ⁴⁷ Hotel Royal Chihpen Spa 0.9145

18 Hotel Royal Taipei 0.9715 ⁴⁸ Grand Formosa Hotel 0.8996

19 Howard Plaza Hotel 0.9057 ⁴⁹ Howard Beach Resort Kending 0.9125

20 Rebar Crowne Plaza Taipei 0.8752 ⁵⁰ The Hibiscus Resorts 0.6878

21 Grand Hyatt Taipei 0.8734 ⁵¹ The Lalu Sun Moon Lake 0.8754

22 Grand Formosa Regent Taipei 0.9730 ⁵² Taoyuan Holiday Hotel 0.9570

23 The Sherwood Hotel Taipei 0.9601 ^{53 Hotel Tainan} 0.9256

24 Far Eastern Plaza Hotel Taipei 0.9599 ⁵⁴ Ta Shee Resort Hotel 0.9661

25 The Westin Hotel 0.9665 ⁵⁵ Hotel Royal Hsinchu 0.9606

26 Hotel Kingdom 0.9210 ⁵⁶ The Ambassador Hotel Hsinchu 0.9602

27 Holiday Garden Kaohsiung 0.9471 ⁵⁷ Formosan Naruwan Hotel 0.9408

28 The Ambassador Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9265 ⁵⁸ Tayih Landis Tainan Hotel 0.9586

29 Han-Hsien international Hotel 0.8745 66 Evergreen Plaza Hotel(Tainan) 0.9387

Mean efficiency Highest efficiency

0.9294 0.9765

Lowest efficiency 0.6878

Median efficiency 0.9447

Standard deviation 0.0498

Table 15. The efficiency scores of international tourist hotels in Taiwan (2006)

4 Imperial Taipei 0.9447 ³⁵ Plaza International Hotel 0.9656

5 Gloria Prince Hotel 0.9120 ³⁶ Evergreen Laurel Hotel 0.9683

6 Emperor Hotel 0.9559 ³⁷ Howard Plaza Hotel Taichung 0.9777

7 Hotel Riverview Taipei 0.9700 ^{38 The Splendor Taichung} 0.9176

13 The Ritz Landis Hotel 0.9617 ^{44 Hotel Landis China} Yangmingshan 0.8863

14 United Hotel 0.9684 ⁴⁵ The Grand Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9591

15 Sheraton Taipei Hotel 0.9439 ⁴⁶ Caesar Park Hotel Kending 0.9289

16 Taipei Fortuna Hotel 0.9373 ⁴⁷ Hotel Royal Chihpen Spa 0.9204

18 Hotel Royal Taipei 0.9782 ⁴⁸ Grand Formosa Hotel 0.9146

19 Howard Plaza Hotel 0.9193 ⁴⁹ Howard Beach Resort Kending 0.9327

20 Rebar Crowne Plaza Taipei 0.9146 ⁵⁰ The Hibiscus Resorts 0.8606

21 Grand Hyatt Taipei 0.9027 ⁵¹ The Lalu Sun Moon Lake 0.9682

22 Grand Formosa Regent Taipei 0.9653 ⁵² Taoyuan Holiday Hotel 0.9558

23 The Sherwood Hotel Taipei 0.9658 ^{53 Hotel Tainan} 0.9687

24 Far Eastern Plaza Hotel Taipei 0.9633 ⁵⁴ Ta Shee Resort Hotel 0.9528

25 The Westin Hotel 0.9749 ⁵⁵ Hotel Royal Hsinchu 0.9694

26 Hotel Kingdom 0.9343 ⁵⁶ The Ambassador Hotel Hsinchu 0.9658

27 Holiday Garden Kaohsiung 0.9585 ⁵⁷ Formosan Naruwan Hotel 0.9368

28 The Ambassador Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9354 ⁵⁸ Tayih Landis Tainan Hotel 0.9635

29 Han-Hsien international Hotel 0.8986 ^{62 Royal Less Hotel} 0.9678

30 Grand Hi-Lai Hotel 0.9647 66 Evergreen Plaza Hotel(Tainan) 0.9468

31 Howard Plaza Hotel Kaohsiung 0.9578

Mean efficiency Highest efficiency

0.9466 0.9798

Lowest efficiency 0.8606

Median efficiency 0.9562

Standard deviation 0.0272

Table 16 shows a summary of the mean efficiency scores of 1997-2006. From Table 16, we can draw a tendency figure such as Figure 2. The figure indicates that the average cost efficiency scores are relatively stable from 1998 to 2000 and then grow higher from 2004 to 2006. In 2001, there is a dip in the average cost efficiency score.

This may be explained by the 9/11 attacks that occurred in the United States in 2001.

These deadly terrorist attacks created a sluggish market not only in the international aviation industry but also in the global tourism and hotel industry. In later years (2002 to 2006), the efficiency scores returned to the normal growth trend. The growth rate is a value of 1.85% for hotel cost efficiency in 2006. Furthermore, the international tourist hotel business can be expected to have an increase in efficiency in the future.

Table 16. The yearly cost efficiency scores in Taiwan international hotels

Year Efficiency scores

1997 0.8947 1998 0.9074 1999 0.9079 2000 0.9058 2001 0.8915 2002 0.9062 2003 0.9209 2004 0.9208 2005 0.9294 2006 0.9466

0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

years

ef fi ci en cy sco res

Figure 2. The yearly cost efficiency scores for international hotels

Table 17 is the cost efficiency for six areas of international hotels in Taiwan from 1997 to 2006. Figure 3 is the average cost efficiency for six areas in Taiwan over ten years. The highest average cost efficiency is for other international hotel with a value of 0.9356 while the lowest average cost efficiency is for non-metropolitan international hotel with a value of 0.8779.

Table 17. The cost efficiency scores of international hotels in six areas

Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Taipei 0.8841 0.9074 0.9112 0.9274 0.9171 0.9250 0.9240 0.9240 0.9322 0.9519 Kaohsiung 0.8917 0.8981 0.8977 0.8638 0.8598 0.8682 0.9070 0.9070 0.9150 0.9358 Taichung 0.9205 0.8851 0.9030 0.9338 0.8872 0.9289 0.9441 0.9410 0.9613 0.9586 Hualien 0.9374 0.9310 0.9199 0.9108 0.9032 0.9187 0.9372 0.9361 0.9405 0.9441 Non-

metropolitan 0.8743 0.9095 0.9033 0.8216 0.8206 0.8579 0.8894 0.8883 0.8864 0.9276 Other 0.9530 0.9451 0.9102 0.9488 0.9172 0.9034 0.9350 0.9351 0.9509 0.9574

The 9/11 attacks

0.9204

Figure 3. The international hotel’s average cost efficiency in six areas

Table 18 is the statistics of tourist guides in Taiwan from 1997 to 2006 and Figure 4 is the tendency figure of tourist guides during those ten years. That set of data is one of the environmental variables used in this study.

Table 18. The number of tourist guides

Year Number of tourist guides

1997 2206

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

19 97 19 98

19 99 20 00

20 01 20 02

20 03 20 04

20 05 20 06 Year

Numbe r of tourist guides

Figure 4. The tendency for number of tourist guides in 1997-2006

在文檔中 影響台灣地區國際觀光旅館成本效率之因素：隨機邊界法之應用 (頁 28-48)