The Relationships among Facebook Involvement, Social Capital, and Psychological Well-Being of College Students
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationships among Facebook involvement (FI), social capital (SC), and psychological well-being (PWB) of college students. This study compared the predictive capacity of FI, Facebook usage time (FUT) and number of Facebook friends (NFF) with regard to SC and PWB. Besides, we also investigated whether SC mediate between FI and PWB. We recruited 1135 university students based on convenient sampling from 17 colleges of Taiwan.
Facebook usage survey, Facebook Involvement Scale, Social Capital Scale, and Psychological Well-Being Scale were used as measurements in this study. We analysed the collected data using regression analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM). The analytical results showed that the standardized regression coefficients between FI and SC were significantly stronger than those of FUT and NFF. Likewise, the standardized regression coefficients between FI and PWB were also significantly stronger than those of FUT and NFF. These results indicated that FI predicted the psychological consequences of Facebook usage more effectively than FUT and NFF. The results of SEM revealed that FI had positive effect both on SC and PWB. Moreover, SC mediated between FI and PWB significantly. Some recommends for education/guidance practice and future research were given based on research findings.
Keywords: social network sites, Facebook involvement, social capital, psychological well-being.
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
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4-3-1 Facebook ………83
4-4-1 Facebook ………85
4-5-1 ………..90
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‧
Social Network Sites, SNS Facebook Google+ Twitter E-mail
Web 2.0
Facebook Hew, 2011 Facebook
71.2% Facebook
Facebook Facebook
2011 Facebook
9 300
Facebook Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007; Hew, 2011; Yu, Hsu, Yu, &
Hsu, 2012
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Facebook Ross, Orr,
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Facebook Facebook
‧
2010 Ross et al., 2009; Wilson, Fornasier, & White, 2010;
Pollet, Roberts, & Dunbar, 2011 Facebook
A Facebook Intensity Scale
Ellison
Zaichkowsky, 1985 Facebook
‧
self-acceptance positive relations
with others autonomy environmental mastery
purpose in life personal growth Ryff,
1989 Facebook
Diener, 1984 Facebook
social capital
Coleman, 1988 Putnam 2000 bridging bonding
weak ties
strong ties
Miyata & Kobayashi, 2008 Ellison 2007 Facebook
Facebook Facebook
Yu 2012 Facebook
Facebook Facebook Facebook
‧
Facebook Facebook Facebook
Facebook Facebook Facebook
Facebook Facebook Involvement
Facebook Facebook
salience involvement
in emotional support of Facebook involvement in Facebook
recreation Yu 2012 Facebook
Social Capital
bonding bridging
2009 Putnam, 2000 2009
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國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Psychological Well-Being
Ryff 1989 self-acceptance
positive relations with others autonomy environmental mastery purpose in life
personal growth 2011
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
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Facebook 2004 2
4 Mark Zuckerberg
13
2012 2009 Facebook
Facebook —
2010 CheckFacebook 2012
12 6 Facebook 9 1315
18-24 Facebook
24.9% CheckFacebook.com, 2012 Facebook
Facebook 2004
2010
2011 2012
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
The Wall
Facebook Status ……
Friends
2007 2 Facebook Gift Facebook
1
—
Pokes
Like
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Events
Place
Tag
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Facebook Facebook
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Boyd Ellison 2008
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Sherif Cantril
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situational involvement enduring involvement response involvement
Zaichkowsky, 1985
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Michaelidou
Dibb 2008
Michaelidou & Dibb, 2008
2004
-Michaelidou & Dibb, 2008
Michaelidou & Dibb, 2008
Mittal Laurent Kapferer
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Personal Involvement Inventory, PII 2005 CIP
/ /
‧
2005 Zaichkowsky 1985 20
relevance / Facebook
2005
Zaichkowsky 11
57.068%
‧
Facebook Facebook Facebook
Facebook Cronbach’s α .83
2-1-2
2-1-2
Ellison 2007 Facebook 1. Facebook
Facebook Ellison 2007
2-1-3
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Ross 2009 Facebook
1. Facebook
2. Facebook
3. Facebook
4. Facebook
5. Facebook
6. Facebook
7. Facebook
2011
Facebook Facebook
Facebook 10 Cronbach’s α .937
64.05% 2-1-4
‧
Facebook Cronbach’s α .849
Facebook Facebook
60.372% 2-1-5
2-1-5
2011 Facebook Facebook
1. Facebook
2. Facebook
3. Facebook
4. Facebook 5. Facebook 6. Facebook
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2007 1916 Lyda Jadson Hanifan
goodwill
fellowship sympathy social intercourse
2009
1980 Pierre
Bourdieu James Coleman Robert Putman Bourdieu
Bourdieu 1986 The Forms of Capital
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
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Bourdieu Marx
Bourdieu class networks of relationships
Bourdieu
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Coleman
Coleman Coleman
1988
Coleman 1988
Coleman 1988
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Putman, 1995 Putman 2000
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Bourdieu 1986
Coleman 1988
Fukuyama 1995 1999
Briggs 1997
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Stolle & Rochon 1998
Rose 1998
Pearce & Randel 2004
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2-7~2-10
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Brehm &Rahm 1997
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Coleman 1988
1990
Fukuyama 1995
Nachmias 1985
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Granovetter, 1973, p. 1361
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weak ties
Putnam Bowling alone
bonding social capital bridging social capital
Putnam, 2000 Putnam exclusive
inclusive
WD-40
Putnam, 2000;
Williams, 2006
Putnam 2000
‧
Burt 1992 Granovetter structural holes
Coleman
2003
Putnam 1993
Putnam, 2000, p. 400 Putnam
2007 2011
‧
Putnam Coleman Granovetter
2007
Social Capital Scales, ISCS
Williams outward
looking contact with a broad range of people
a view of oneself as part of a broader group diffuse reciprocity with a broader community
emotional support access to scarce or limited resources
ability to mobilize solidarity out-group antagonism
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
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N a tio na
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political expressives party animals
Shah Kwak Holbert 2001
.04 ~ .10 - .04 ~ - .11
“HomeNet Study”
Bargh Mckenna 2004 Nie Erbring
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88%
27%
Nie Erbring
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國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Wellman 2001
“HomeNet Study” Kraut 2002
Internet paradox revisited
Kraut 1998
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Ryan & Deci, 2001
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Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002 Diener 1984
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positive affect negative affect
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Diener et al., 1985 Diener Suh Lucas Smith 1999
Maslow
eudaimonia
2011 Ryff Keyes
psychological well-being, PWB Keyes Waterman social well-being
emotional well-being
Keyes Magyar-Moe 2003 2-3-1
Ryff Keyes Singer
Ryff & Keyes, 1995; Ryff & Singer, 2008
2012
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SWB
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happiness well-being eudaimonia
eudaimonia well-being happiness
Aristotle
eudaimonia 2012
Ryff Aristotle eudaimonia 1989
Maslow self actualization Rogers
fully functioning person Jung individuation
Allport maturity Buhler basic life tendencies
Erikson personal development Neugarten
executive processes of personality Jahoda mental health
Frankl will to meaning Ryff, 1989; Ryff &
Singer, 2008
Keyes Magyar-Moe 2003 Ryff
Maslow Rogers Jung Allport
Erikson Ryff
2-3-2
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
2-3-2
“Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being,” by C. D. Ryff, and B. H. Singer, 2008, Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), p. 20. doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
self actualization Maslow
2005 Maslow
Maslow
2005 fully functioning person
‧
individuation
Jung executive processes of personality Neugarten personality changes
Ryff, 1989
2002
‧
personal development Erikson
Erikson
2000 basic life tendencies
Buhler mental health
Jahoda
2011
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Ryff
2012 2012
2011 2011 Ryff, 1989; Ryff & Keyes, 1995; Keyes & Magyar-Moe, 2003; Ryff & Singer, 2008
self-acceptance
Jahoda Maslow Jung
Neugarten Erikson
positive relations with others
Allport
autonomy
Rogers
‧
environmental mastery
Jahoda Allport
purpose in life
Frankl Allport
Buhler Neugarten Erikson
personal growth
Ryff Singer 2008 eudaimonia
Ryff 20
120 321
.32 ~ .76 .86 ~ .93
Ryff & Singer, 2008 2-3-1
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
2-3-1
“Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being,” by C. D. Ryff, and B. H. Singer, 2008, Journal of
Happiness Studies, 9(1), pp. 25-26. doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
‧
Facebook Facebook Facebook Facebook
2010 Kim & Lee, 2011; Hew, 2011
Facebook Facebook
Fisher, 2011; Hew, 2011; Ross et al., 2009 Ross 2009
Facebook Hew 2011
Facebook Facebook
Pew Research Centre
Facebook Facebook
Richmond, 2011 Fisher 2011
Facebook Facebook
Facebook 2010 Facebook
Kim
Lee 2011 Facebook Kaipidou
Costin Morris 2011 Facebook Facebook
Lee 2011 Facebook
‧
Facebook Yu 2012
Facebook Facebook
Facebook Facebook
Wellman et al., 2011
Howard et al., 2001; Joinson, 2003
Kraut 2002
Young 2006
Miyata Kobayashi 2008
Facebook Facebook
2010 Facebook
‧
Kraut et al., 2002 2009
Kraut et al., 1998 2001
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
‧
‧
Facebook Facebook Facebook
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國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
3 Facebook
3.1 3.2
3.3 Facebook
3-2-1
3-2-1 Facebook
‧
2006 Miyata Kobayashi 2008
Ellison
2007 Steinfield 2008 Facebook
Facebook Facebook
Facebook Ellison 2007 Ross
2009 Hew 2011 Facebook
1998
2009
LISREL 8.80
‧
preliminary fit criteria overall model fit fit of internal structure of model Hair,
Black, Babin, & Anderson, 2010 2006
2011 2007 Hair et al., 2010; Kline, 2005
0 1
Kline, 2005 χ2
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, RMSEA
.05 .05 ~ .08 .08 ~ .10
.10
Comparative Fit Index, CFI 0 1
CFI .90
Standardized Root Mean Residual, SRMR .10
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
.05
.33
Hair 2010
‧
1209 74 1135
93.9% 3-3-1 3-3-2
3-3-1
‧
Facebook Facebook Facebook
Facebook Facebook
‧
‧
Putnam, 2000
‧
‧
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
χ2 = 1343.26, df = 128, p = .000 CFI = .942 RMSEA = .092, 90% CI [ .087, .096] SRMR = .079
2013
SPSS 18.0
LISREL 8.80
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
SPSS 18.0 LISREL 8.80
< .33 Hair et al., 2010 SPSS
Cronbach’s α composite reliabability
Hair et al., 2010
LISREL 8.80
‧
‧
Hair et al., 2010
3-6-2 Facebook
a Facebook b
c direct effect Facebook
a 2006 indirect effect Facebook
total effect Facebook
a + 2006
‧
2.72 Facebook 2.92 2.45
Facebook 379.52 247.17 Facebook 15.24
13.20 Facebook 8.05 11.21 Facebook
2.43 7.47 16.28
22.47 14.14 19.66
‧
2.92 Facebook 379.52
4-1-1
0.02 0.90 0.06 1.16 Kline
2005 3 10
‧
‧
0.33 1.04 0.02 1.60 Kline 2005
3 10
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
4-1-4
8 1
5 7 9 12 13 15 18
LISREL8.80
4-1-4
0.12 1.24 0.09 1.65 Kline
2005 3 10
‧
‧
‧
LISREL Modification Index, MI
Facebook 4-2-1
correlated
errors Hair
et al., 2010
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
= .940> .90 RMSEA < .08 RMSEA = .078, 90%
CI [ .075, .081] SRMR SRMR = .076< .10
Facebook 4-2-2 4-2-1
4-2-1 Facebook
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
4-2-2 Facebook
‧
‧
‧
‧
= .084< .10 LISREL
Modification Index, MI
‧
Hair et al., 2010
2011
Ryff
Springer Hauser 2006
Abbott 2006
2011
χ2 = 1343.26 df 128 p = .000< .05 CFI CFI
= .942> .90 RMSEA RMSEA = .092, 90% CI [ .087, .096]
SRMR SRMR= .079< .10
4-2-5 4-2-3
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
4-2-4
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
4-2-5
‧
‧
Facebook = .678 p< .001
1.1
Facebook = .124 p< .001
1.2
Facebook = .139 p< .001
1.3
Facebook Facebook
1.4
‧
Ross 2009 Facebook
Hew 2011 Facebook
Facebook Kim Lee, 2011;
Kaipidou et al., 2011 .019 Facebook
Facebook Facebook
psychological consequences Facebook
‧
Facebook = .158 p< .001
2.1
Facebook = .033 p>.05
2.2
Facebook = .064 p< .05
2.3
Facebook Facebook
2.4
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Facebook Wellman et al., 2011
Ellison 2007 Facebook
Steinfield 2008 Facebook
Facebook Facebook
Facebook Facebook
‧
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
4-5-1
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
4-5-2
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
4-5-1
Facebook Facebook
3.1~3.3 Facebook
4-5-1
.33*** .75***
.08***
.33*** .83***
.25***
.25***
*p< .05; **p< .01; *** p< .001
‧
Facebook .33 p< .001 Facebook
Facebook Wellman et al., 2011 Joinson 2003 Ellison et al., 2008
2009
Steinfield
2008 Facebook
Miyata Kobayashi 2008
‧
Facebook .83 p<.001
Facebook Facebook
2010; Ellison et al., 2007; Kim & Lee, 2011; Hew,
2011 Facebook
Ryff & Singer, 2008 Facebook Facebook
Hew 2011 Facebook
Richmond 2011 Facebook
‧
Ryff & Singer, 2008
‧
國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Facebook Facebook
!
‧
Facebook 2.92 2.45 Facebook
379.52 247.17 Facebook 15.24 13.20
Facebook 8.05 11.21 Facebook
2.43 7.47 16.28 22.47 14.14
19.66
‧
Kraut et al., 2002; Richmond, 2011; Steinfield et al., 2008
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國立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Facebook Facebook
Facebook Facebook Yu et al., 2012
Facebook Facebook
Facebook Facebook
Facebook Yu et al., 2012
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
‧
2011 Facebook —
30 3-21
‧
2011 — Facebook
2007 1 1 1-32
‧
2007 http://wiki.mbalib.com/zh-tw/%E6%
B6% 89%E5%85%A5%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA 2005
2010 — Facebook
2000
1998 21 171-210
2010 Facebook
86 http://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/86/index.htm
2012 01 04
http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/web/content?ID=100107
2012 Facebook http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook
‧
2012 Web 2.0
19 2 38-63
2010 Facebook
2009
19 83-110 2012
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