(1) This research only studies participative motives of the aged Tai Chi Chuan participants, but participation behavior and the extent of involvement are not included. Hence, the way how these participants join in the practice still leaves much to understand. Further researches can study their behavior on participation to know the difference of participation behavior among different clusters.
(2) According to sports participation motivations, motives to spectate are also important for participation. Therefore, further researches can focus on the participative motives for spectating Tai Chi Chuan or for other kinds of martial arts.
(3) Tai Chi Chuan participants are all over the world. But this research only studies the participants in Taiwan. Further researches can study to find whether different races have different Tai Chi Chuan participative motives.
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nd ed (pp. 241-278). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Appendix A: In-depth interview questionnaire (English Translation)
1. In contrast to other sports, what unique characteristics does Tai Chi Chuan have?
2. From your experience, what are the motives that influence people to participate in Tai Chi Chuan?
3. Do age and gender result in different participative motives in Tai Chi Chuan?
4. What motives do participants in different age and gender have?
5. Do participative motives change when age and years of practice increase?
6. In contrast to other sports, what different participative motives do Tai Chi Chuan participants have?
Appendix B: In-depth interview questionnaire (Original Chinese Edition)
1. 相較於其他運動，太極拳有什麼不一樣的特性？
2. 以您的經驗來看，人們參與太極拳的動機是什麼？
3. 年齡及性別是否造成不同的太極拳參與動機？
4. 不同年齡及性別的參與者各有何參與動機？
5. 參與動機是否會隨著年齡及練習年數改變？
6. 相較於其他運動，太極拳參與者有何不同的動機？
Appendix C: Focus group interview questionnaire (English Translation)
Hello, seniors. Thank you for attending this focus group interview. Today we are going to discuss silver-haired peoples’ participative motives for Tai Chi Chuan. As you know, Tai Chi Chuan is a kind of Original Chinese Edition martial art and is good for health. In recent years, Tai Chi Chuan is wide spread in the world with great effort.
Later, please share your participative motives for Tai Chi Chuan practice.
Experience sharing
1. Why do you participate in Tai Chi Chuan?
Physical aspect
2. Do you participate in Tai Chi Chuan for health improving? If so, what motivates you to participate?
Hint: Strengthen your muscles, to improve your cardio functions, etc.
3. Beside health, do you participate in Tai Chi Chuan to make your body fit?
Mental aspect
4. Beside physical aspect, is there any mental motive that makes you participate in Tai Chi Chuan?
Hint: To increase confidence, to learn the philosophy of Tai Chi Chuan, etc.
Social aspect
5. Do you participate in Tai Chi Chuan for making friends or for family?
6. Is it a motive for you to associate with others by participating in Tai Chi Chuan?
Other aspect
7. Do you come to practice Tai Chi Chuan to kill time or for recreation?
8. Is it a motive to participate in Tai Chi Chuan to make your body and movements more beautiful?
Appendix D: Focus group interview questionnaire (Original Chinese Edition)
各位前輩大家好，感謝您撥冗參與今天的焦點團體座談會。我們今天要探討 的是銀髮族參與太極拳運動的動機。如各位所知，太極拳是一門對健康相當有幫 助的國術，而近年來太極拳在努力推廣之下也遍及於全世界。
接著，請各位不吝分享您參與太極拳運動的動機。
經驗分享
1. 您為何參與太極拳運動？
生理方面
2. 您參與太極拳運動是否為了改善健康？如果是的話，哪些問題使您想參與？
提示：增強肌肉，改善心肺功能等
3. 除了健康，您參與太極拳運動是否為了使身體更健美？
心理方面
4. 除了生理方面，是否有任何心理方面的動機使您參與太極拳？
提示：增強自信心，學習太極拳哲理等 社交方面
5. 您參與太極拳運動是否為了交友或與家人一起練習？
6. 您參與太極拳的動機是否為了與他人交往呢？
其他方面
7. 您參加太極拳練習是否為了打發時間或消遣？
8. 使您的身體及動作更加優美是否為您參與太極拳的動機？
Appendix E: The professionals and the check list of formal questionnaire (English Translation)
Name of professionals Experience
Chang Kuang-Ming
5. Professor of Ta Jen College of Technology 6. Visiting Professor of San Jose State Univ.
7. Secretary General of Chinese Taipei Shuai-Chiao Association
8. Teaching Tai Chi Chuan over 25 years
Li Wu-Chung
5. Retired Professor from Chinese Military Academy 6. National grade referee and coach of Tai Chi Chuan
Association, R.O.C
7. Head coach of Tai Chi Chuan Association, Kaohsiung County
8. Teaching Tai Chi Chuan over 30 years
Questions Opinions from the professionals
1.To improve your chronic disease 2.To reinforce your immuno-competence
3.To lose weight healthily To control your weight 4.To reinforce your cardiopulmonary function
5.To progress your physical force
6.Todevelop your sense of equilibrium and avoid falling down
develop→improve
7.To attain a proper sport effect
8.To shape your shape shape→figure
9.To increase your power of legs and so on To increase your strength of muscles in legs and so on
10.To further your physical flexibility 11.To maintain your youth and vitality
12.To develop your muscles To enhance your explosive force 13.To prolong your longevity
14.To follow the current trend of sports No need to revise in English translation 15.To transcend yourself
16.To relax yourself into a selfless state
17.To concentrate your attention No need to revise in English translation 18.To escape the pressure from work and
daily life
19.To increase your confidence No need to revise in English translation 20.To be proud of yourself
21.To earn respects and compliments 22.To help develop your social status
23.To earn identity from the crowds The crowds→ your family and friends 24.To associate with people
25.To practice with your family
26.It is graceful to practice Tai Chi Chuan No need to revise in English translation 27.The admirations for martial art
28.Enjoy the competitive process of joint hands operation
Enjoy the pleasure of joint hands operation with others
29.To increase economic gains
30.To perform in public or join competitions 31.To cultivate your mind and body
32.To learn philosophical principles of Tai Chi Chuan
33.To inherit and hand down Tai Chi Chuan 34.To understand the rationale of Tai Chi Chuan
35.To learn skills of joint hands operation and self defense
36.To develop sport habits
37.To seek a tender sport which will not get hurt
which will not get hurt→which is not easy to get hurt
38.To motivate yourself to exercise 39.To kill time
40.View it as recreation No need to revise in English translation 41.Without limitations of places and numbers
of people
42.Just participate without reasons Attracted by the people who practice Tai Chi Chuan
43.Other motives
Appendix F: The professionals and the check list of formal questionnaire (Original Chinese Edition)
專家姓名 經歷
25. 跟著家人一起練習
26. 打太極拳的動作很美 的→感覺
27. 對國術及功夫的景仰
28. 享受推手的競賽過程 修改：享受太極推手的切磋樂趣
29. 可以增加經濟報酬 30. 為了比賽或表演 31. 能夠修身養性
32. 可以在太極拳練習中領悟哲理 33. 為了傳承太極拳技藝
34. 想了解太極拳原理
35. 可以學習推手及防身技術 36. 為了養成運動習慣
37. 尋求不會受傷的運動 不會→緩和且不易
38. 做為驅使自己運動的理由 39. 可以打發時間
40. 當作娛樂消遣 娛樂消遣→休閒娛樂
41. 不受場地及人數限制
42. 糊里糊塗就參與練習了 修改：被練習太極拳的人們所吸引
43. 其他動機
Appendix G: Formal questionnaire (English Translation)
Dear Sir/Madam:This is a questionnaire about “Participative motives of silver-haired Tai Chi Chuan participants who are over 50 years old in Kaohsiung City”. Please help tick off
This is a questionnaire about “Participative motives of silver-haired Tai Chi Chuan participants who are over 50 years old in Kaohsiung City”. Please help tick off