• 沒有找到結果。

Chapter 5 Conclusion

5.2. Future work

There are several directions for the future work

1. For the antigenic drift, which is related to the recognition between antigen (HA) and antibodies, the structural information should be incorporated to improve the current understanding of the structural change on HA for antigenic drift.

2. Due to the high degree of structural similarity between HA of different subtypes of influenza viruses, our findings on the H3N2 virus can be mapped to other subtypes of influenza viruses (e.g. H1N1 and H5N1 viruses) for comparison. We expect the findings from H3N2 virus to provide new insights for the studies of other subtypes of influenza virus.

3. For the vaccine strain selection, our models for predicting antigenic variants may provide new insights to select which of today's strain is likely to be dominant in the coming year's epidemic

4. Based on our study of interactions between influenza viruses and antibodies, we are interested in the interactions between antigens and antibodies. We may extend our research to general antigen-antibody interactions in the future.

References

1. Stohr K: Influenza--WHO cares. The Lancet infectious diseases 2002, 2(9):517.

2. Johnson NP, Mueller J: Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920

"Spanish" influenza pandemic. Bulletin of the history of medicine 2002, 76(1):105-115.

3. Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Balish A, Sessions WM, Xu X, Skepner E, Deyde V et al: Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 2009, 325(5937):197-201.

4. Webster RG, Bean WJ, Jr.: Genetics of influenza virus. Annual review of genetics 1978, 12:415-431.

5. Hayashida H, Toh H, Kikuno R, Miyata T: Evolution of influenza virus genes.

Molecular biology and evolution 1985, 2(4):289-303.

6. Fouchier RA, Munster V, Wallensten A, Bestebroer TM, Herfst S, Smith D,

Rimmelzwaan GF, Olsen B, Osterhaus AD: Characterization of a novel influenza A virus hemagglutinin subtype (H16) obtained from black-headed gulls. Journal of virology 2005, 79(5):2814-2822.

7. Neumann G, Noda T, Kawaoka Y: Emergence and pandemic potential of swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus. Nature 2009, 459(7249):931-939.

8. McHardy AC, Adams B: The role of genomics in tracking the evolution of influenza A virus. PLoS Pathog 2009, 5(10):e1000566.

9. Wilson IA, Cox NJ: Structural basis of immune recognition of influenza virus hemagglutinin. Annual Review of Immunology 1990, 8:737-771.

10. Knossow M, Gaudier M, Douglas A, Barrere B, Bizebard T, Barbey C, Gigant B, Skehel JJ: Mechanism of neutralization of influenza virus infectivity by antibodies. Virology 2002, 302(2):294-298.

11. Skehel JJ, Wiley DC: Receptor binding and membrane fusion in virus entry: the influenza hemagglutinin. Annual review of biochemistry 2000, 69:531-569.

12. Nelson MI, Holmes EC: The evolution of epidemic influenza. Nat Rev Genet 2007, 8(3):196-205.

13. Both GW, Sleigh MJ, Cox NJ, Kendal AP: Antigenic drift in influenza virus H3 hemagglutinin from 1968 to 1980: multiple evolutionary pathways and sequential amino acid changes at key antigenic sites. J Virol 1983, 48(1):52-60.

14. Russell CA, Jones TC, Barr IG, Cox NJ, Garten RJ, Gregory V, Gust ID, Hampson AW, Hay AJ, Hurt AC et al: Influenza vaccine strain selection and recent studies on the global migration of seasonal influenza viruses. Vaccine 2008, 26:0p.

15. Smith DJ, Lapedes AS, de Jong JC, Bestebroer TM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA: Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus. Science 2004, 305(5682):371-376.

16. Treanor J: Influenza vaccine--outmaneuvering antigenic shift and drift. The New England journal of medicine 2004, 350(3):218-220.

17. Gething MJ, Bye J, Skehel J, Waterfield M: Cloning and DNA sequence of

double-stranded copies of haemagglutinin genes from H2 and H3 strains elucidates antigenic shift and drift in human influenza virus. Nature 1980, 287(5780):301-306.

18. Belshe RB: The origins of pandemic influenza--lessons from the 1918 virus. N Engl J Med 2005, 353(21):2209-2211.

19. Kawaoka Y, Krauss S, Webster RG: Avian-to-Human Transmission of the Pb1 Gene of Influenza-a Viruses in the 1957 and 1968 Pandemics. Journal of virology 1989,

63(11):4603-4608.

20. Viboud C, Grais RF, Lafont BAP, Miller MA, Simonsen L, M MIS: Multinational impact of the 1968 Hong Kong influenza pandemic: Evidence for a smoldering pandemic. J Infect Dis 2005, 192(2):233-248.

21. Uyeki TM: 2009 H1N1 virus transmission and outbreaks. The New England journal of medicine 2010, 362(23):2221-2223.

22. Carrat F, Flahault A: Influenza vaccine: the challenge of antigenic drift. Vaccine 2007, 25(39-40):6852-6862.

23. WHO: WHO position paper influenza vaccines. The Weekly Epidemiological Record 2005, 80:277-288.

24. WHO: WHO guidelines on the use of vaccines and antivirals during influenza pandemics. 2004:5.

25. Lee MS, Chen JS: Predicting antigenic variants of influenza A/H3N2 viruses.

Emerging infectious diseases 2004, 10(8):1385-1390.

26. Finkenstadt BF, Morton A, Rand DA: Modelling antigenic drift in weekly flu incidence.

Stat Med 2005, 24(22):3447-3461.

27. Cox NJ, Brammer TL, Regnery HL: Influenza - Global Surveillance for Epidemic and Pandemic Variants. European Journal of Epidemiology 1994, 10(4):467-470.

28. Fitch WM, Bush RM, Bender CA, Cox NJ: Long term trends in the evolution of H(3) HA1 human influenza type A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1997, 94(15):7712-7718.

29. Gerdil C: The annual production cycle for influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2003, 21(16):1776-1779.

30. Gupta V, Earl DJ, Deem MW: Quantifying influenza vaccine efficacy and antigenic distance. Vaccine 2006, 24(18):3881-3888.

31. Bush RM, Bender CA, Subbarao K, Cox NJ, Fitch WM: Predicting the evolution of human influenza A. SCIENCE 1999, 286(5446):1921-1925.

32. Huang JW, King CC, Yang JM: Co-evolution positions and rules for antigenic variants of human influenza A/H3N2 viruses. BMC Bioinformatics 2009, 10 Suppl 1:S41.

33. Bush RM, Fitch WM, Bender CA, Cox NJ: Positive Selection on the H3

Hemagglutinin Gene of Human Influenza Virus A. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1999, 16:1457-1465.

34. Plotkin JB, Dushoff J, Levin SA: Hemagglutinin sequence clusters and the antigenic evolution of influenza A virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002, 99(9):6263-6268.

35. Macken C, Lu H, Goodman J, Boykin L: The value of a database in surveillance and vaccine selection. Options for the Control of Influenza Iv 2001, 1219:103-106.

36. Bao YM, Bolotov P, Dernovoy D, Kiryutin B, Zaslavsky L, Tatusova T, Ostell J, Lipman D: The influenza virus resource at the national center for biotechnology information.

Journal of Virology 2008, 82(2):596-601.

37. Salzberg S: The contents of the syringe. Nature 2008, 454(7201):160-161.

38. Bush RM, Bender CA, Subbarao K, Cox NJ, Fitch WM: Predicting the evolution of human influenza A. Science 1999, 286(5446):1921-1925.

39. Shih AC, Hsiao TC, Ho MS, Li WH: Simultaneous amino acid substitutions at

antigenic sites drive influenza A hemagglutinin evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:6283-6288.

40. Lee MS, Chen JS: Predicting antigenic variants of influenza A/H3N2 viruses.

amino acid substitutions at antigenic sites drive influenza A hemagglutinin evolution.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104(15):6p.

42. Du X, Wang Z, Wu A, S L, C Y, H H, J T: Networks of genomic co-occurrence capture characteristics of human influenza A (H3N2) evolution. GENOME RESEARCH 2007, 18(178-187).

43. Simonsen L: The global impact of influenza on morbidity and mortality. Vaccine 1999, 17:S3-S10.

44. Blackburne BP, Hay AJ, Goldstein RA: Changing selective pressure during antigenic changes in human influenza H3. Plos Pathogens 2008, 4(5):-.

45. Quinlan JR: C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann; 1993.

46. Sauter NK, Hanson JE, Glick GD, Brown JH, Crowther RL, Park SJ, Skehel JJ, Wiley DC: Binding of influenza virus hemagglutinin to analogs of its cell-surface receptor, sialic acid: analysis by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Biochemistry 1992:9609-9621.

47. DeLano WL: The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System. Palo Alto, CA, USA: DeLano Scientific; 2002.

48. Gupta V, Earl DJ, Deem MW: Quantifying influenza vaccine efficacy and antigenic distance. Vaccine 2006, 24(18):3881-3888.

49. Taylor HP, Dimmock NJ: Competitive binding of neutralizing monoclonal and

polyclonal IgG to the HA of influenza A virions in solution: only one IgG molecule is bound per HA trimer regardless of the specificity of the competitor. Virology 1994, 205(1):360-363.

50. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1970-2007, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 71, 82.

51. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Information for the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, CBER, FDA. 2003-2007:p. 28, p.18, p.19, p.17.

52. Ellis JS, Chakraverty P, Clewley JP: Genetic and antigenic variation in the

haemagglutinin of recently circulating human influenza A (H3N2) viruses in the United Kingdom. Arch Virol 1995, 140(11):1889-1904.

53. Both GW, Sleigh MJ, Cox NJ, Kendal AP: Antigenic Drift in Influenza Virus-H3 Hemagglutinin from 1968 to 1980 - Multiple Evolutionary Pathways and Sequential Amino-Acid Changes at Key Antigenic Sites. Journal of Virology 1983, 48(1):52-60.

54. Coiras MT, Aguilar JC, Galiano M, Carlos S, Gregory V, Lin YP, Hay A, Perez-Brena P:

Rapid molecular analysis of the haemagglutinin gene of human influenza A H3N2 viruses isolated in Spain from 1996 to 2000. Archives of virology 2001,

146(11):2133-2147.

55. Webster R, Cox NJ, Stohr K: WHO Manual on Animal Influenza Diagnosis and Surveillance. WHO/CDS/CSR/NCS/20025 2002, Rev.1.

56. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Information for FDA vaccine advisory panel meeting. Atlanta: The Centers. 1997:p. 30.

57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Options for Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines (LAIV) in the Control of Epidemic and Pandemic Influenza, Geneva, 12-13 June, 2007. 2007:p. 11.

58. Barbey-Martin C, Gigant B, Bizebard T, Calder LJ, Wharton SA, Skehel JJ, Knossow M:

An antibody that prevents the hemagglutinin low pH fusogenic transition. Virology 2002, 294(1):70-74.

59. Bizebard T, Gigant B, Rigolet P, Rasmussen B, Diat O, Bosecke P, Wharton SA, Skehel

JJ, Knossow M: Structure of influenza virus haemagglutinin complexed with a neutralizing antibody. Nature 1995, 376(6535):92-94.

60. Fleury D, Barrere B, Bizebard T, Daniels RS, Skehel JJ, Knossow M: A complex of influenza hemagglutinin with a neutralizing antibody that binds outside the virus receptor binding site. Nat Struct Biol 1999, 6(6):530-534.

61. Ndifon W, Wingreen NS, Levin SA: Differential neutralization efficiency of

hemagglutinin epitopes, antibody interference, and the design of influenza vaccines.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009, 106(21):8701-8706.

62. Tsurudome M, Gluck R, Graf R, Falchetto R, Schaller U, Brunner J: Lipid Interactions of the Hemagglutinin Ha2 Nh2-Terminal Segment during Influenza Virus-Induced Membrane-Fusion. J Biol Chem 1992, 267(28):20225-20232.

63. Ekiert DC, Bhabha G, Elsliger MA, Friesen RHE, Jongeneelen M, Throsby M, Goudsmit J, Wilson IA: Antibody Recognition of a Highly Conserved Influenza Virus Epitope.

Science 2009, 324(5924):246-251.

64. Jansen R, Yu H, Greenbaum D, Kluger Y, Krogan NJ, Chung S, Emili A, Snyder M, Greenblatt JF, Gerstein M: A Bayesian networks approach for predicting

protein-protein interactions from genomic data. Science 2003, 302(5644):449-453.

65. Wang Y, Zhang XS, Xia Y: Predicting eukaryotic transcriptional cooperativity by Bayesian network integration of genome-wide data. Nucleic acids research 2009, 37(18):5943-5958.

66. Dujardin B, Van den Ende J, Van Gompel A, Unger JP, Van der Stuyft P: Likelihood ratios: a real improvement for clinical decision making? European Journal of Epidemiology 1994, 10(1):29-36.

67. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1970, 45:100.

68. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1971, 46:517, 518.

69. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1972, 45:82, 381.

70. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1973, 48:389, 468.

71. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1974, 49:44, 107.

72. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1975, 50:52, 139.

73. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1976, 51:41.

74. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1977, 52:39.

75. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1980, 55:74.

76. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1982, 57:58.

77. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1983, 58:54, 55.

78. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1985, 60:53, 54.

79. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1986, 61:62.

80. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1987, 62:90.

81. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1988, 63:58.

82. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1990, 65:54.

83. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1991, 66:58.

84. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1992, 67:58.

85. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1993, 68:58.

86. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1994, 69:54.

87. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1995, 70:54.

88. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1996, 71:58, 59.

89. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1998, 73:57, 58.

90. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1999, 74:58, 322, 323.

93. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 2005, 80:72, 73, 344.

94. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 2006, 81, 392:83, 84.

95. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 2007, 82:71, 353.

96. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Information for the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, CBER, FDA. 2003:p. 28.

97. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Information for the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, CBER, FDA. 2004:p. 18.

98. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Information for the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, CBER, FDA. 2005:p. 19.

99. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Information for the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, CBER, FDA. 2006:p. 17.

100. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Information for the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, CBER, FDA. 2007:p. 19.

101. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1984, 59:54.

102. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1989, 64:54.

103. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1997, 72:58.

104. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 2000, 75:62, 331.

105. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 2001, 76:59, 312.

106. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 2002, 77:63, 346.

107. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 2008, 83:83, 369.

108. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1968, 43:448.

109. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1969, 44:619.

110. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1978, 53:67.

111. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1979, 54:69.

112. WHO: Weekly Epidemiological Record 1981, 56:58.

113. Lawrence CE, Altschul SF, Boguski MS, Liu JS, Neuwald AF, Wootton JC: Detecting subtle sequence signals: a Gibbs sampling strategy for multiple alignment. Science 1993, 262(5131):208-214.

114. Tong JC, Song CM, Tan PT, Ren EC, Sinha AA: BEID: database for

sequence-structure-function information on antigen-antibody interactions.

Bioinformation 2008, 3(2):58-60.

115. Chen YC, Lo YS, Hsu WC, Yang JM: 3D-partner: a web server to infer interacting partners and binding models. Nucleic acids research 2007, 35(Web Server

issue):W561-567.

116. Pollastri G, Baldi P, Fariselli P, Casadio R: Prediction of coordination number and relative solvent accessibility in proteins. Proteins 2002, 47(2):142-153.

117. Weis WI, Brunger AT, Skehel JJ, Wiley DC: Refinement of the influenza virus hemagglutinin by simulated annealing. J Mol Biol 1990, 212(4):737-761.

118. Hay AJ, Gregory V, Douglas AR, Lin YP: The evolution of human influenza viruses.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological sciences 2001, 356(1416):1861-1870.

119. Lees WD, Moss DS, Shepherd AJ: A computational analysis of the antigenic properties of haemagglutinin in influenza A H3N2. Bioinformatics 2010, 26(11):1403-1408.

120. Fleury D, Daniels RS, Skehel JJ, Knossow M, Bizebard T: Structural evidence for recognition of a single epitope by two distinct antibodies. Proteins-Structure Function and Genetics 2000, 40(4):572-578.

121. Steel J, Lowen AC, Wang T, Yondola M, Gao Q, Haye K, Garcia-Sastre A, Palese P:

Influenza virus vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin stalk domain. MBio 2010, 1(1).

Appendix A

List of Publications

 Journal papers

1. J.-W. Huang, C.-C. King and J.-M. Yang*, "Co-evolution positions and rules for antigenic variants of influenza A/H3N2 viruses," BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 10 (Suppl 1):S41, 2009 2. K.-P. Liu, K.-C. Hsu, J.-W. Huang, L.-S. Chang and J.-M. Yang*, "ATRIPPI: An

Atom-Residue Preference Scoring Function for Protein-Protein Interactions," International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, vol. 19, pp. 251-266, 2010

3. C.-H. Tung, J.-W. Huang and J.-M. Yang*, "Kappa-alpha plot derived structural alphabet and BLOSUM-like substitution matrix for fast protein structure database search," Genome Biology, vol. 8, pp. R31.1~R31.16, 2007

4. J.-W. Huang, and J.-M. Yang*, " A Bayesian approach for quantifying antigenic distance of influenza A (H3N2) viruses ," (Preparing)

 Conference papers

1. J.-W. Huang, and J.-M. Yang*, " Changed epitopes drive the antigenic drift for influenza A (H3N2) viruses," (Submitted)

2. J.-W. Huang, C.-C. Chen, J.-M. Yang "Identifying critical positions and rules of antigenic drift for influenza A/H3N2 viruses," The 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, pp. 249-252, 2008

相關文件