In this study, the survey of Cordyceps taxa in Taiwan was discovered. In total 59 Cordyceps isolates were collected and they were identified based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological examination. Based on the results seven new species, four new records and fresh collection of six species which have been previously reported from Taiwan were obtained.
Cordyceps blackwelliae, Cordyceps lepidopterorum, Cordyceps jakajanicola and Cordyceps rosea were reported for the first time in Taiwan. Besides, seven novel species of Cordyceps
were identified and described in this study from various insect hosts and tentatively named as Cordyceps sp. nov. 1–7.
During the phylogenetic analyses, we encountered several problems due to the mainly lack of sequences from type material. Traditional classification of Cordyceps was mainly relied on morphological and ecological characters and large number of species were introduced without molecular data or living culture. Moreover, a few strains belonging to the same species were clusterered in different clades such as C. takaomontana (MCA 1806, BCC 12688 & BCC 28612). Although these problems have been discussed by Sung et al. (2007) and Kepler et al.
(2017), some fungi without sequences from type matrial are still required to sort the cofusions among the well-known Cordyceps species such as C. polyarthra, C. exasperate, C. cicadae, C.
rosea and C. bifusispora. To overcome this problem, either epitypification or neotypification of these taxa are required to resolve their natural classification.
During the identification of biologically active compounds form cordycipitaceous strains used in the present study, all Cordyceps isolates produced adenosine in artfical culturing media but the content of adenosine varies among the isolates. In contrast, only nine fungal isolates had the ability to produced cordycepin in culture, which includes seven Cordyceps militaris strains and strains of two novel Cordyceps species. It is worth noted that two novel
cordycepin producing Cordyceps are phylogenetically closed to Cordyceps militaris. However, phylogenetically-related species to Cordyceps militaris does not guarantee the production of cordycepin. For example, Cordyceps rosea (NTUCC 17-041) did not exhibit the ability to produce cordycepin in culture.
In this study, we expanded the basal knowledge of Cordyceps taxa and laid the preliminary groundwork for the natural classification of Cordyceps in Taiwan. Our study provided a glimpse into the diversity of Cordyceps in Taiwan and supplemented the molecular data of Cordyceps species recorded in the study of Tzean et al. (1997). Through this study, we expected to gain more attention from social community for the rich diversity of Cordyceps in Taiwan and their potential pharmacological application. Besides, the study also identified biologically active compounds form cordycipitaceous strains. In future, these strains can be used to develop anti-cancer drugs and food supplements as a substitution to well-known cordycepin producing fungi such as O. sinensis and C. militaris.
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