Goals Achieved and Major Contributions - 以計算方法探討抗氧化能力在補陽類中藥的補益機轉中之角色

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

5.2 Goals Achieved and Major Contributions

1. To determine the causal relationship between antioxidation and mitochondrial ATP generation: Antioxidation was not found to effectively influence mitochondrial ATP generation, steady-state ATP concentration in intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix. Rather, the control over ATP generation in mitochondria appears to be distributed evenly across the whole mitochondrial system.

2. To discover the mechanism behind different antioxidant potentials and

ATP generation capacities between Yang- and Yin-tonifying herbs: The derived features of unit in vitro and unit ex vivo antioxidant activity were shown to significantly improve the discrimination performance in classifiers and can serve as a novel standard feature to characterize Yin- and Yang-tonifying herbs. Besides, role of intracellular effects was underscored. Unit ex vivo antioxidant activity was found to be higher in Yin-tonifying herbs than in Yang-tonifying herbs. Due to intracellular effects on antioxidation, future studies must involve wet-lab works, presumably focused on membrane potentials.

3. To propose a rationale for Yang- and Yin-tonifying herbs being categorized as such in TCM literature: First, no single chemical compounds were found to associate with the categorization of tonifying herbs, excluding the possibility of “Yang-tonifying compounds.” Second, the lower unit ex vivo antioxidant activities suggested that Yang-tonifying actions contain but are not specialized for antioxidation.

Therefore, Yang- and Yin-tonifying herbs are supposed to be categorized as such Chinese pharmacopoeia for thousands of years not because of their Yang- or Yin-tonifying “properties,” but of their Yang- or Yin-tonifying “actions” within a living system. For researchers of modern investigations in TCM, this also serves as a reminder that TCM theories are not applicable and practical unless the system of consideration is full enough with physiological contexts.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. (2007) The Traditional Chinese Medicine Database System. Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine.

2. (2007) WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western Pacific Region. World Health Organization.

3. BEARD, D. (2005) A biophysical model of the mitochondrial respiratory system and oxidative phosphorylation. PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY, 1, 252-264.

4. CACUCI, D. G., MIHAELA IONESCU-BUJOR, MICHAEL NAVON (2005) Sensitivity And Uncertainty Analysis: Applications to Large-Scale Systems (Volume II).

5. CAI, Y., SUN, M., XING, J., LUO, Q. & CORKE, H. (2006) Structure-radical scavenging activity relationships of phenolic compounds from traditional Chinese medicinal plants. LIFE SCIENCES, 78, 2872-2888.

6. CHANG, C.-C. & LIN, C.-J. (2001) LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines.

7. CHIU, P., LEUNG, H., SIU, A., CHEN, N., POON, M. & KO, K. (2008) Long-term treatment with a yang-invigorating chinese herbal formula produces generalized tissue protection against oxidative damage in rats. REJUVENATION RESEARCH, 11, 43-62.

8. CORTASSA, S., AON, M., MARBAN, E., WINSLOW, R. & O'ROURKE, B.

(2003) An integrated model of cardiac mitochondrial energy metabolism and calcium dynamics. BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 84, 2734-2755.

9. CORTASSA, S., AON, M., O'ROURKE, B., JACQUES, R., TSENG, H., MARBAN, E. & WINSLOW, R. (2006) A computational model integrating electrophysiology, contraction, and mitochondrial bioenergetics in the ventricular myocyte. BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 91, 1564-1589.

10. CORTASSA, S., AON, M., WINSLOW, R. & O'ROURKE, B. (2004) A mitochondrial oscillator dependent on reactive oxygen species. BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 87, 2060-2073.

11. FRADKIN, D. & MUCHNIK, I. (2000) Support Vector Machines for Classification. Mathematics Subject Classifcation.

12. FRADKIN, D. & MUCHNIK, I. (2006) Support Vector Machines for Classification.

13. GENG, J. & SU, Z. (1991) Basic Theories and Principles, Beijing, China, New

World Press.

14. HAN, J. & KAMBER, M. (2001) Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, Academic Press.

15. HEINRICH, R. & RAPOPORT, T. (1974) A linear steady-state treatment of enzymatic chains. General properties, control and effector strength. Eur J Biochem, 42, 89-95.

16. HOOPS, S., SAHLE, S., GAUGES, R., LEE, C., PAHLE, J., SIMUS, N., SINGHAL, M., XU, L., MENDES, P. & KUMMER, U. (2006) COPASI- A COmplex PAthway SImulator. BIOINFORMATICS, 22, 3067-3074.

17. KACSER, H. & BURNS, J. A. (1973) The control of flux. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 27, 65-104.

18. KATALINIC, V., MILOS, M., KULISIC, T. & JUKIC, M. (2006) Screening of 70 medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant capacity and total phenols. FOOD CHEMISTRY, 94, 550-557.

19. KO, K., LEON, T., MAK, D., CHIU, P., DU, Y. & POON, M. (2006) A characteristic pharmacological action of 'Yang-invigorating' Chinese tonifying herbs: Enhancement of myocardial ATP-generation capacity. PHYTOMEDICINE, 13, 636-642.

20. KO, K., MAK, D., CHIU, P. & POON, M. (2004) Pharmacological basis of 'Yang-invigoration' in Chinese medicine. TRENDS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 25, 3-6.

21. KO, K. M. & LEUNG, H. Y. (2007) Enhancement of ATP generation capacity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activities by Chinese Yang and Yin tonifying herbs. Chin Med, 2, 3.

22. KORZENIEWSKI, B. & ZOLADZ, J. (2001) A model of oxidative phosphorylation in mammalian skeletal muscle. BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, 92, 17-34.

23. LEE, S., HWANG, H., HA, J., JEONG, H. & KIM, J. (2003) Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity. LIFE SCIENCES, 73, 167-179.

24. LEUNG, H. (2006) Effect of Herba Cistanche on mitochondrial ATP generation:

A pharmacological basis of 'Yang-invigoration'. Department of Biochemistry.

Hong Kong, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology.

25. LEUNG, H., CHIU, P., POON, M. & KO, K. (2005) A Yang-invigorating Chinese herbal formula enhances mitochondrial functional ability and antioxidant capacity in various tissues of male and female rats. REJUVENATION RESEARCH, 8, 238-247.

26. LEUNG, H. & KO, K. (2008) Herba Cistanche extract enhances mitochondrial ATP generation in rat hearts and H9C2 cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY,

46, 418-424.

27. LIAO, H., BANBURY, L. K. & LEACH, D. N. (2007) Antioxidant activity of 45 Chinese herbs and the relationship with their TCM characteristics. eCAM, nem054.

28. LIU, W., OGATA, T., SATO, S., UNOURA, K. & ONODERA, J. (2001) Superoxide scavenging activities of sixty Chinese medicines determined by an ESR spin-trapping method using electrogenerated superoxide. Yakugaku Zasshi, 121, 265-70.

29. LIU, Y., ZHANG, R., DONG, L. & MEDICINE, E. B. S. A. O. T. C. (1995) Basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Advanced Textbook on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmcology, 1, 164-180.

30. MAK, D., CHIN, P., POON, M., NG, T., CHUNG, Y., LAM, B., DU, Y. & KO, K. (2004) A Yang-promoting Chinese herbal suppository preparation enhances the antioxidant status of red cells in male human subjects. PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, 18, 525-530.

31. MELOV, S. (2002) Therapeutics against mitochondrial oxidative stress in animal models of aging. INCREASING HEALTHY LIFE SPAN: CONVENTIONAL MEASURES AND SLOWING THE INNATE AGING PROCESS, 959, 330-340.

32. OU, B., HUANG, D., HAMPSCHL-WOODILL, M. & FLANAGAN, J. (2003) When east meets west: the relationship between yin-yang and antioxidation-oxidation. FASEB JOURNAL, 17, 127-129.

33. POON, M., CHIU, P., LEUNG, H., SIN, A. & KO, K. (2008) A 'Yang-invigorating' Chinese herbal formula protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, 22, 131-133.

34. QUINLAN, J. R. (1986) Induction of Decision Trees. Mach. Learn., 1, 81-106.

35. RICARD, J. (1999) Biological Complexity and the Dynamics of Life Processes, Amsterdam, Elsevier.

36. SEDENSKY, M. M. & G. MORGAN, P. (2006) Mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species in mitochondrial aging mutants. 41, 237.

37. SZETO, Y. & BENZIE, I. (2006) Is the yin-yang nature of Chinese herbal medicine equivalent to antioxidation-oxidation? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, 108, 361-366.

38. TAITANO, K. E. A. (2003) The psychophysiology of yin and yang. J. Herbal.

Pharmacother., 3.

39. TORRES, N. V. & VOIT, E. O. (2002) Pathway Analysis and Optimization in Metabolic Engineering, Cambridge University Press.

40. VENDELIN, M., KONGAS, O. & SAKS, V. (2000) Regulation of mitochondrial respiration in heart cells analyzed by reaction-diffusion model of energy transfer.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY, 278, C747-+.

41. WITTEN, I. H. & FRANK, E. (2005) Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques, San Francisco, Morgan Kaufmann.

42. WONG, C., LI, H., CHENG, K. & CHEN, F. (2006) A systematic survey of antioxidant activity of 30 Chinese medicinal plants using the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. FOOD CHEMISTRY, 97, 705-711.

43. WU, F., YANG, F., VINNAKOTA, K. & BEARD, D. (2007) Computer modeling of mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, metabolite transport, and electrophysiology. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, 282, 24525-24537.

44. YIM, T. & KO, K. (2002) Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of Chinese tonifying herbs. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY, 40, 329-335.

45. ZHOU, L., SALEM, J., SAIDEL, G., STANLEY, W. & CABRERA, M. (2005) Mechanistic model of cardiac energy metabolism predicts localization of glycolysis to cytosolic subdomain during ischemia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-HEART AND CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY, 288, H2400-H2411.

APPENDIX A List of Chemical Compounds Found in 65 Chinese Herbs

No. Herbal Name Chinese

Chemical Compounds Name

1 Cortex Eucommiae 杜仲 (+)-syringaresinol, syringaresinol-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, syringylglycerol-beta-syringaresinol ether 4",4'"-di-O-beta-Dglucopyranoside, pinoresinol, epipinoresinol, pinoresinol-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, pinoresinol-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, l-hydroxypinoresinol, 1-hydroxypinol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside,

1-hydroxypinoresinol-4"-O-beta-D-glucopyranside, l-hydroxypinoresinol-4',4"-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, dihydrodehydrodiconiferylalcohol, threo-dihydroxydehydro diconiferyl alcohol, erytho-dihydroxy-dehyrodiconiferyl alcohol, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4,r'-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, olivil, olivil-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, olivil-4"-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, olivil-4',4"-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, cycloolivil, medioresinol, eucommin, medioresinol-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside,

medioresinol-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, hedyotol C-4",4"-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, liriodendrin, citrusin B, aucubin, ulmoside, aucubigenin-1-beta-isomaltosde, genipin, geniposide, geniposidicacid, ajugoside, harpagide acetate, reptoside, eucommiol, eucommioside I, threo¡Ðguaiacylglycerol, erythro-guaiacyl glycerol, erythro-guaiacyl

glycerol-beta-coniferyl aldehydeether, threo-guaiacylglycerol-beta-coniferylaldehyde ether, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, methyl chlorogenate, vanillic acid, betulin, betulic acid, ursolic acid, beta-sitosterol, dancosterol, phenylalanine, lysine, tryptophan, methionine, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, glutamic acid, cysteine, histidine, ulmoprenol, kaempferol, tartaric acid, galactitol, n-triacontanol, n-nonacosane, guttapercha

2 Fructus Ligustri 女貞子 oleanolic acid, acetyloleanolic acid, ursolic acid, acetylursolic acid, p-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol, beta-sitosterol, mannitol, eriodictyol, taxifolin, quercetin, ligustroside, p-hydroxy ligustroside, nuezhenide, oleuropein, 10-hydroxy oleuropein, p-hydroxyphen-ethyl-beta-D-glucoside, 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl-beta-D-glucoside, methyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside, acteoside, neonuezhenide, ligustrosidic acid, oleuropeinic acid, GI-3, rhamnoside, arabinose, glucose, fucose, phosphatidyl choline, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, zinc, iron, manganese, copper, nickel, chronium, silver, ligustrin, 8-epikingiside

3 Fructus Mori 桑椹子 tannic acid, malic acid, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, carotene, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, linolenic acid, cineole, geraniol, linalyl acetat, linalool, camphor, alpha-pinene, limonene, phosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidy choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidic acid,

phosphatidyl inositol, diphosphatidyl glycerol, cyanidin, chrysanthemin

4 Fructus Psoraleae 補骨脂 psoralen, isopsorasen, angelicin, xanthotoxin, 8-methoxypsoralen, psoralidin, isopsoralidin, bakuchicin, psoralidin2',3'-oxide, corylidin, bavacoumestan A, bavacoumestan B, sophoracoumestan A, astragalin, bavachin, corylifolin, islbavachin, bavachinin, corylifolinin, isobavachalcone, bavachalcone, bavachromene, neobavachalcone,

isoneobavachalcone, bakuchalcone, bavachromanol, corylin, flavone, corylinal, psoralenol, bakuchiol, corylifonol, isocorylifonol, p-hydroxy-benzoic acid, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol-D-glucoside, triacontane, trypsin inhibitor , potassium, manganese, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, arsenium, antimony, rubidium, strontium, selenium, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, linolenic acid, lignoceric acid

5 Herba Cistanches 肉蓯蓉 cistanoside A, cistanoside B, cistanoside C, cistanoside H, acteoside, 2-acetylacteoside, echinacoside, liriodendrin, 8-epiloganic acid, daucosterol, betaine, beta-sitosterol, mannitol, N,N-dimethylglycinemethyl ester, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, serine, succinic acid, triacontanol, polysaccharides

6 Herba Cynomorii 鎖陽 cynoterpene, acetylursolic acid, ursolic acid, palmitic acid, olic acid, inoleic acid, beta-sitosterol, campesterol, beta-sitosterol palmitate, daucosterol, tannic acid, aspartic acid, proline, serine, alanine ,

7 Herba Dendrobii 石斛 dendrobine, nobilonine, 6-hydroxydendrobine, dendramine, dendroxine, 6-hydroxydendroxine, 4-hydroxydendroxine, dendrine, 3-hydroxy-2-oxydendrobine,

N-methyldendrobinium, N-isopentenyldendrobinium, dendrobine N-oxide, N-isopentenyl-6-hydroxydendroxinium, nobilomethylene, denbinobin, beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, shihunine, shihunidin, dendrophenol, hygrine, dendrochrysine, cis-p-hydroxycinnamic acid, trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid, aduncin, crepidine, crepidamine, dendrocrepine, isodendrocrepine, isocrepidamine, densifloroside, dendroflorin, dengibsin, psoralen, scopoletin methylether, oleanolic acid

8 Herba Ecliptae 墨旱蓮 saponins, tannic acid, vitamin A, ecliptine, a-Terthienylmethanol, 2-buta-1,3-diynyl]-5-(but-3-en-l-ynyl)thiophene,

2-(buta-1,3-diynyl)-5-(4-chloro-3-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)thiophene, 5-(3-buten-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiennyl-5'-methylacetate, Wedelolactone, nicotine, alpha-terthienylmethanol, alpha-formyl-alpha-terthienel, demethylwedelolactone, demethylwedelolactoneglucoside, phytosterol A, beta-amyrin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside

9 Herba Epimedii 淫羊藿 icariin, icariside I, potassium, calcium, saponins, bitter substances, tannic acid, ceryl alcohol, triacontane, phytosterol, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, quercetin,

quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, icaritin-3-O-a-rhamnoside, anhydroicaritin-3-O-a-rhamnoside, sagittatoside A, sagittatoside B, sagittatoside C, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, sagittatin A, sagittatin B, icariside A1, icariside B2, icariside B6, icariside B9, icariside D3, icariside E6, icariside E7, icariside H1, icarisidin B1, icariol A1, icariol A2, dilignol, 5,5'-dimethoxydilignol, dilignol rhamnosid, 5'-methoxydilignol rhamnoside, l,2-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-diol, 5-methoxy-¡]¡Ð¡^-solaritiresinol, olivil, (+)-syringaresinol-O-beta-D-glucopy-glucopyranoside, symplocosigenin-O-beta-D-glucopyra-noside, dihydrodehydrodiconiferylalcohol, Phenethyl glucoside, (z)-3-hexenyl

glucoside, blumenolC gfu-coside, wushanicariin, baohuoside I, baohuoside II, baohuoside VI, rouhuoside, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, epimedoside A, icaritin, 8-prenylkaempferol-4'-methoxy-3-[xylosyl(1->4)rhamnoside]-7-glucoside, Epmedin A1, Epmedin B1, quercetin, epimedokoreanodide I, epimedokoreanodide II, n-nonacosane, n-hentriacotane, campesterol, beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol-3-glucoside, 2"-Orhamnosylikarisoside A, ikarisioside A, baohuoside II, hyperosde, baohuosu, tricin, kaemPfero-3-dirhamnoside

10 Radix Angelicae 當歸 n-butylidenephthalide, n-valerophenone-o-carboxylic acid, delta2,4-dihydrophthalicanhydride, terpenes, sucrose, vitamin B12, vitamin A, arabigalactan, glucose, fructose, Ligustilide, Cnidilide, Isocnidilide, p-cymene, Butylphthalide, Sedanolide, Butylalcohol, ethanoic acid, calcium, copper, zinc, potassium, iron, ligustilide, folinic acid, citrovorum factor, nicotinic acid, biotin, ferulic acid, succinic acid, uracil, adenine, scopoletin, umbelliferone, vanillic acid, choline, falcarinol, falcarinolone, falcarindiol, b-pinene, camphene, P-cymene, b-phellandrene, myrcene, b-ocimene-X, allo-ocimene, 6-n-butyl-cycloheptadiene-1,4,2-methyl-dodecane-5-one, acetophenone, b-bisabolene, isoacroraene, acoradiene, chamigrene, a-cedrene, n-butyl-tetrahydrophthalide, n-butyl-phthalide, n-butylidene-phthialide, ligustilide, d-2,4-dihydrohpthalic anhydride, dodecanol, bergapten,

P-methyl-benzolcohol, 5-methoxyl-2,3-dicresol, phenol, O-cresol, P-cresol, guaiacol, 2,3-dieresol, P-ehtyl phenol, O-eethyl phenol, 4-ethyl resorcinol, 2,4-dihydroacetophenone, carvacrol, isoeugenol, vanillin, phthalic anhydride, azelaic acid, sebacie acid, anisic acid, myristic acid, camphoric acid, dimethyl phthalate, dimethyl aelate, dimethyl sebacate, dimehtyl anisae, dimethyl myristate, dimethyl camphorate, n-valerophenone-o-carboxylic acid, ferulic acid, succinic acid, nicotinic acid, vanillic acid, n-tetracosanoic acid, palmitic acid, calcium, zinc, phosphorus, selenium, uracil, adenine, choline, stigmasterol, sitosterol, stigmaterol-D-glucoside, tetradecanol-1, scopletin,

6-methoxyl-7-hydroxycoumarin, angelicide and brefelclin A

11 Radix Asparagi 天門冬 Asp-IV, Asp-V, Asp-VI, Asp-VII, methylprotodioscin, pseudoprotodioscin,

3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1->4)-beta-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL-26-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-(25R)-furosta-5,20-beta,26-diol, yamogenin, diosgenin, sarsasapogenin, smilagenin, glucose, rhamnose, oligosaccharide I, oligosaccharide II, oligosaccharide III, oligosaccharide VII, sucrose, 5-methoxymethylfurfural, beta-sitosterol, citrulline, asparagine, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, histidine, lysine, asparagus-polysaccharide A, asparagus-polysaccharide B, asparagus-polysaccharide C, asparagus-polysaccharide D, asparagine, citrulline, serine, threonine, proline, clyccine , beta-sitosterol, smilagenin, 5-methoxymethylfurfural, rhamnose

12 Radix Astragali 黃耆 astragaloside I, astragaloside II, astragaloside III, astragaloside IV, astragaloside V, astragaloside VI, astragaloside VII, astragaloside VIII, daucosterol, beta-sitosterol, palmitic acid, astragalus saponin A, astragalus saponin B, astragalus saponin C, 2',4'-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethoxyisoflavane, kumataknin, choline, betaine, folic acid, calycosin, formononetin,

L-3-hydroxy-9-methoxpterocarpan, soyasaponin I, astragaloside I, astragaloside II, astragaloside III, astragaloside IV, astrglalan I, astrglalan II, astrglalan III, formononetin, calycosin, daikon, Astragaloside, iron, manganese, zinc, rubidium, linoleic acid, linoleic acid, betaine

13 Radix Codonopsis 黨參 fructose, inulin, CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, syringin, n-hexyl?beta-D-glucopyranoside, ethyl?alpha-D-fructofuranoside, tangshenoside, choline, perlolyrine, n-butyl allophanate, pyroglutamic acid N-furctoside, nicotinic acid, 5-hydroxy-2-pyridine methanol, lysine, threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, histidine, serine, glucamic acid, glycine, alanine, cystine, tyrosine, arginine, proline, taraxerol, taraxerl acettate, frideelin, alpha-spinasterol, alpha-spinasteryl-beta-D-glucoside,

stigmast-7-en-3beta-ol, delta7-sitgmas-tenyl-beta-D-glucoside, stigmasterol, stigmasetyl-beta-D-glucoside, stigmasta-7,22-dien-3-one, stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-one, syringaldehyde, vanillic acid, 2-furan carboxylic acid, atractylenolide II, atractylenolide III, 5-hydroxymethl-2-furaldehyde, 5-metyoxymethy-2-furaldehyde, methylpalmitate, iron, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, nickel, selenium, aluminum, vanadium, fluorine, alpha-pinene, nona-2,4-dienal, borenol, xi-guaiene, alpha-curcumene, palmitic acid, methyl11,14-eicosadenoate, O-methoxyphenoxyphenol, (E)-2-hexenyl-beta-sophoroside, (E)-2-hexenyl-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, hexyl-beta-gentiobioside,

hexyl-beta-soporoside, (6R,7R)-E,E-tetradeca-4,12-dien-8,10-diyne-1,6,7-triol-6-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, codonolactone, codopiloic acid

14 Radix Dipsaci 續斷 sweroside, loganin, cantleyoside, akebiasaponin D,3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosylhederagenin-28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 3-O(4-O-acetyl)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosylhederagnin-28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyloleanolic

68 nopyranosylhederagenin-28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, asperosaponin H1, carvotanacetone, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, 3-ethyl-5-methlphenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 4-methylphenol, 3-methylphenol, 2-ethyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylpehnol, phenol,

alpha,alpha,alpha,4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-methanol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cylohexene-1-ol, 4-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-4-cyclohexene-1,3-dione, dibenzofuran, phenanthrene, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, ethylpropionate, hederagenin, beta-sitosterol, darcosterol, sucrose, titanium

15 Radix Fici 五指毛桃 coumarin, palmitic acid, oleic Acid, linoleic acid, ethyl acetate, Isopsoralen, bergapten

16 Radix Glycyrrhizae 甘草 Triterpenoid Saponins, glycyrrhizin, uralsaponin A, uralsaponin B, licoricesaponin A3, licoricesaponin B2, licoricesaponin C2, licoricesaponin D3, licoricesaponin E2, licoricesaponin F3, licoricesaponin G2, licoricesaponin H2, licoricesaponin J2, licoricesaponin K2, liquiritigenin, liquiritin, isoliquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, neoliquiritin, neoisoliquiritin, licoricidin, licoricone, formononetin, 5-O-methyllicoricidin, liquiritigenin-4'-qpiofur-anosyl(1->2)glucopyranoside, apioliquiritin, liquiritigenin-7,4'-diglucoside, vicenin?¢º, ononin, isolicoflanonol, isoliquiritigenin-4'-apiofuranosyl(1->2)glucopyranoside, licurazid, apioisoliquiritin, glycycoum-arim, glycyrol, isoglycyrol, glycyrin, neoglycyrol, licopyranocoumarin, licocoumarione, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-methylquinoline, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,4-dimethylquinoline,

3-methyl-6,7,8-trihydropyrrolo[1,2-]pyrimidin-3-one, licobenzofuran, liconeolignan, beta-sitosterol, n-tricosane, n-hexacosane, n-heptacosane, glucan GBW, glycyrrigan UA¡BUB¡BUC, polysaccharide GR-2a¡BGR-2¢ºb¡BGR-2¢ºC, Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide(GPS), Glycyrrhizic acid, 18-beta-glycyrrhetic acid, 18alpha-hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid, 24-hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid, 24-hydroxy-11-deoxyglycyrrhetic acid, 11-deoxyglycyrrhetic acid, 3beta-hydroxyolean-11,13(18)-dien-30-oic acid, glycyrrhetol, glabrolide, isoglabrolide, deoxyglabrolide, 21alpha-hydroxyisoglabrolide, liquoric acid, liquiritoside, liquiritogenin, isoliquiritoside, isoliquiritogenin, licuraside, licurazid,

neolicuraside¡Aisoliquiritigenin-4-apiofuranosyl(1->2)glucopyranoside, glabranin, glabrol, glabridin, glabrone, glabreene, glyzaglabrin, glazarin, flavone, flavone, pinocembrin, prunetin, formononetin, liqcoumarin, pectin, glyasperin A, glyasperin B, glyasperin C, glyasperin D, kumata kenin, topazolin, flavone, flavone, flavanone,

3'(gamma,gamma-dimethylallyl)-kievitone, licoriisoflavan¡^A, 1-methyoxyficifolinol, isoglycycoumarin, glyeurysaponin, glycyroside, choerospondin, flavone, schaftoside, isoviosanthin, medicarpin-3-O-glucoside, beta-sitosterol, daucosterolphloretic acid, glyyyunnanpro-sapogenin D, glyyunnansapogenin A, glyyunnansapogenin B,

glyyunnansapogenin C, glyyunnansapogenin E, glyyunnansapogenin F, glyyunnansapogenin G, glyyunnansapogenin H, macedonic acid, flavone, 7-methoxy-4'-hydroxyflavonol, yunganoside A1, yunganoside B1, yunganoside C1, yunganoside D1, yunganoside E2, yunganoside F2, hypaphorine

17 Radix Morindae 巴戟天 rubiadin, rubiadin-1-methyl ether, physcion, 2-hydroxy-3-hydrox-ymethylanthraquinone, 1-hydroxyanthraquinone, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl anthraquinone,

1,6-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxyan-thraquinone, 1,6-dihydroxy-2-methoxyanthraquinone, 2-methylanthraqui-none, monotropein, asperuloside tetraacetate, glucose, mannose, beta-sitosterol, palmitic acid, vitamin C, nonadecane, 24-ethyl cholesterol, zinc, manganese, iron, chronium

18 Radix Ophiopogonis 麥門冬 ruscogenin, ophiopogonin B , ophiopogonin D,

(23S,24S,25S)-23,24-dihydroxyruscogenin-1-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1->2)][beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1->3)]-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside-24-O-beta-D-fucopyranoside, methylophiopogonanone A, methylophiopogonanone B, ophiopogonanone A, ophiopogonanone B, 6-aldehydo-7-O-methylisoophiopogonanone A,

6-aldehydo-7-O-methylisoophiopogonanone B, 6-aldehydoisoophiopogonone A, 6-aldehydoisoophiopogonone B, ophiopogone A, desmethylisoophiopogonone B, 5,7,2'-trihydroxy-6-methyl-3-(3',4'-methylenedioxybenzyl)chromone, 5,7,2'-trihydroxy-8-methyl-3-(3',4'-methylenedioxybenzyl)chromone,

5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-6-methyl-3-(3',4'-dihydroxybenzyl)chromanone, ruscogenin-1-O-sulfate, calcium bornyl sulfate, glycerol,

N-[beta-hydroxy-beta-(4-hydroxy)phenyl]ethyl-4-hydroxy cinnamide, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, longifolene, patchoulene, cyperene, guaiol, alpha-humulene, camphor, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, jasmololone, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, nickel, manganese, chromium, lead, cobalt, barium, zinc, beta-sitosteryl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, stigmasteryl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, campesteryl-beta-D-glucopyranoside,

(25S)-ruscogenin?1-O-beta-D-fucopyranosido-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, (25S)-ruscogenin 1-O-beta-D-xylopyranosido-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, (25S)-ruscogenin 1-O-[(2-O-acetyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1->2)][beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1->3)]-beta-D-fucopyranoside, (25S)-rucosgenin

1-O-[(3-O-acetyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1->2)][beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside,

yamogenin3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1->2)][beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside, (25S)-ruscogenin 1-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1->2)-beta-D-xylopyranoside, 1-n-butyl-beta-D-fructopyranoside, L-pyroglutamic acid, adenosine 19 Radix Oryzae 糯稻根 isoleucine, leucine, valine, methionine, threonine, lysine, Aspartic acid, serine, tyrosine, glycine, tricin

20 Radix Polygoni 何首烏 emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, rhein, chrysophanol anthrone, resveratrol, piceid, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside,

2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoPyranoside-2"-O-monogalloyl ester, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucopyrano-side-3"-monogalloyl ester, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, 3-O-galloyl(-)-epicatechin, 3-O-galloyl-procyanidin, 3,3'-di-O-galloyl-Procyanidin B-2, beta-sitosterol, lecithin

21 Radix

Pseudostellariae

太子參 palmitic acid, linoleic acid, glycerol 1-monolinolate, 3'-furfuryl pyrrole-2-carboxylate, behenic acid, 2-minaline, beta-sitosterol, manganese, heterophyllin A, heterophyllin B

22 Ramulus Visci 槲寄生 rhamnazin, rhamnzin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-gluco-side, isorhamnetin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, 3-methyleriodictyol, 3'-methylerlodi

ctyol-7-O-beta-D-glucoside, viscumneoside I, viscumneoside II, viscumneoside III, viscumneoside IV, viscumneoside V, viscumneoside VI, viscumneoside VII, beta-amyranol, beta-acetylamyranol, beta-amyrandiol, lupeol, oleanolic acid, betulic acid, beta-amyrin palmitate, beta-amyrin acetate, beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, syringin,

syringenin-O-beta-D-apio-furanosyl(1->2)-beta-D-glu-copyranosideliriodendrin, butan-2,3-diol-3-O-monoglucoside, meso-inositol, palmitic acid, succinic acid, ferulic? acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid

23 Fructus Lycii 枸杞子 atropine, gyoscyamine, cryptosxanthin, scopoletin, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, vitamin C, aspartate, proline, methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, serine, glycine, glutamic acid, cysteine, lysine, arginine, isoleucine, threonine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophan, methionine, potassium, calcium, sodium, zinc, iron, copper, chromium, strontium, lead, nickel, cadmium, cobalt, magnesium, taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, betaine, zeaxanthin, physalien, leucine, valine, proline, alanine, tyrosine, glutamine, glycine,

glutamic acid, sapartic acid, asparagine, histidine, tryptophan, safranal, 3-hydroxy-beta-ionone, 1,2-dehydrox-alpha-cyperene, solavetivone, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, vitamin C3, cholesterol, cholest-7-enol, campesterol, 24-methylenecholesterol, isofucoterol, isofucosterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol,

24-methylcholesta-5,24-dienol24-ethyl-cholesta-5,24-dienol, cholestanol, 24-methylcholestanol, 24-ehtylcholest-22-enol, 31-norcycloartanol, 31-norcycloartenol, cycloeucalenol, 31-norlanost-8-enol, 4alpha,14alpha24-trimethylcholesta-8-24-dienol, 24-methyl-31-norlanost-9(11)-enol, 4alpha-methylcholest-8-enol, 4-methylcholest-7-enol24-ethylolphenol, 4,24-methyllophenol, gramisterol, citrostadienol, alpha,24-dimethylcholesta-7,24-dienol, 4alpha-methyl-24-ethylcholesta-7,24-dienol, lanost-8-enol, cycloartanol, cycloartenol, lanosterol, beta-amyrin, lupeol, 24-methylenelanost-8-enol, 24-methylenecycloartanol, taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid

24 Fructus Ziziphi 大棗 stepharine, N-nornuciferine, asmilobine, betulonic acid, oleanolic acid, maslinic acid, cratagolic acid, 3-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-maslinic acid, 3-O-cis-p-coumaroyl-maslinic acid, betulinic acid, alphitolic acid, 3-O-trans-p-coumaroyl alphi-tolic acid, 3-O-cis-P-coumaroylal-phitolic acid, zizyphus saponin I, zizyphus saponin II, zizyphus saponin III, jujuboside B, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophasphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP), fructose, glucose, sucrose, oleic acid, sitosterol, stigmasterol, desmosterol, rutin, vitamin C, riboflavin, thiamine, carotene, nicotinic acid, tannic acid, coumarin derivatives, lipids, resins, malic acid, jujuboside A, jujuboside B, jujuboside B1, indole acetic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, proline, valine, leucine, selenium, zizybeoside I, zizybeoside II, zizyvoside I, zizyvoside II, roseoside, zizyphusin, daechu alkaloid A, nuciferine, co-claurine, nornuciferine, lysicamine, daechucy-clopeptide-1, daechuine S3, vomifliol 6, 6,8-di-C-glucosyl-2(S)-naringenin, 6,8-di-C-glucosyl-2(R)-naringenin, palmitoleic acid, vaccenic acid, oleic acid, zizyphus-arabinan, glycolipid, phospholipid

25 Radix Panacis quinquefolii

西洋參 octanol, hexanoic acid, undecane, pinocarveol, octanoic acid, dodecane, 3-phenylhexane, 1-phenylhexane, pulegone, 2-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-phenol, 1,3,5-triisopropylphene, beta-gurjunene, piperitene, beta-farnesene, alpha-curcumene, alpha-cedrene, 2, 6-diterbutyl-4-methylphenol, beta-bisabolene, beta-caryophyllene, 3-phenyldecane, hexadecane, 6-phenylundecane, 4-phenglundecane, 3-phenylundecane, 6-phenyldodecane, 5-phenyldodecane, 4-phenyldodecane, 3-phenyldodecane, 2-phenyldodecane, 5-phenyltridecane, 4-phenyltridecane, 3-cyclohexyldodecane, ginsenoside R0, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rb3, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside Rg3, ginsenoside Rh1, ginsenoside RA0, quinquenoside R1, gypenoside X1, gypenoside F3, gypenoside F11, caproic acid, heptanoic acid, caprylic acid, nonanoic acid, palmitic acid, n-heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, octadecenoic acid, linoleic acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 8-methyl capric acid,

在文檔中以計算方法探討抗氧化能力在補陽類中藥的補益機轉中之角色 (頁 70-98)