情态动词（
Modal Verbs）在八年级上册，我们已经对情态动词may, might, will, would的用法进行了归纳。can, could, need, should, must也是常见的情态动词，现就其用法归纳总结如下：
1. can/could 能，可能，可以 （can多用于指现在或将来，could多用于指过去）
1) 表示能力，相当于be able to。例如：
I can make noodles myself.
Sorry, I can’t follow you. Please say that again.
Can people prevent certain accidents?
The girl could speak English when she was a child.
The street was icy — the car couldn’t stop in time.
How could the man pull a train with his teeth!
2）表示可能。例如：
Smoking can cause diseases of the lungs.
Some of the disadvantages can become real problems if we don’t take care.
This could be a class project!
can/could用在否定句和疑问句中多表示猜测。例如:
The boy can’t be so careless.
There is someone outside. Who can it be?
It couldn’t be true.
Could it be Brian?
Where could Danny be at that time?
3) 表示允许。例如：
Can I speak to Jenny?
Can you send me a photo of yourself?
You can go.
could代替can, 语气显得更加委婉。例如：
Could you open the door for me, please?
Could you speak more loudly?
Could I help you?
2. should 应当，应该 1）表示劝告、建议。例如：
We should go to the hospital right now.
As a student, you should never smoke.
You shouldn’t be so careless.
2) 表示征求同意或征询意见，用于主语为第一人称的疑问句。例如：
Should I open the window?
When should we have the meeting?
What should I do to be a polite guest?
3. need 必要，需要（作情态动词时只用于否定句和疑问句）
1) 用在否定句中。例如：
Danny, you needn’t get up so early.
We needn’t worry about him.
2) 用在疑问句中，肯定回答一般用must, 否定回答一般用need not。例如：
— Need we eat foods from each food group? — Yes, you must.
— Need the guests leave the place right away? — No, they needn’t.
注意：
need在肯定句中通常用作实义动词，有人称和数的变化。例如：
He needs to take an X-ray.
4. must 必须，应该 1) 表示必须。例如：
In a poem, every word must have power and meaning.
We must do everything carefully.
2) 在否定句中表示不许。 例如：
Cars mustn’t be parked here.
You mustn’t lend the book to others.
3) 表示推测，用在肯定句中，意为“一定”，“准是”。例如：
You must be tired after the long walk.
He thought it must be the king’s musicians passing by.
注意：
回答带有must 的一般疑问句时，否定回答常用need not, 而不用must not。例如：
— Must the students be back by four o’clock?
— Yes, they must. (No, they needn’t.)
状语从句（
Adverbial Clause）到目前为止，我们学习了because, when, before, after, as, if, although等连词引导的状语从句。
现在归纳总结如下：
连 词 示 例
because（因为，由于） People call them Kiwis because they make the sound: keee-weee.
The kitchen is dangerous because there are many glass objects.
原因状语从句
连 词 示 例
when (当……时候) When she was nineteen months old, Helen fell ill.
before (在……以前) Every night, he reads for half an hour before he goes to sleep.
after (在……以后) After Einstein finished school, he went on to study physics in Switzerland.
as (一边……一边；
当……时候；随着)
I thought about it as I walked to school and later as I walked home.
Jane cheers as her son runs and kicks the ball.
As Helen grew older, she made a lot of progress and learned to read.
while (和……同时) I listened to music while she worked.
时间状语从句
连 词 从句类型 示 例
(如果)if 条件状语从句 If you are outside, get to an open area as fast as you can.
(al)though
(虽然) 让步状语从句 Although I have lived in Canada for a long time, I still don’t feel Canadian.
so that
(以便) 目的状语从句 I’ll speak slowly so that you can understand me.
so… that (如此……
以至于)
结果状语从句 The spirit was so happy with the woodcutter’s honesty that she gave him the other two axes as presents.
其他状语从句
定语从句（
Attributive Clause）定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中的名词或代词，被修饰的名词或者代词称为先行 词，定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系词引导。初中阶段我们要能辨认并理解由that, which, who等关系代词引导的定语从句。which指代物，who指代人，that既可指物也可指人。that或 which在从句中作宾语时可以省略。
关系代词 示例（句中斜体词为先行词）
that Bethune invented tools that/which remain in use today.
We should do things (that/which) we like.
which He is reading a book which/that was written by their teacher.
The film (which/that) we saw last night was wonderful.
who Helen did her best to help others in the community who/that were deaf or blind.
We never really hear about all these people who/that work behind the camera.
过去进行时（
Past Continuous Tense）过去进行时态表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。
1. 过去进行时的构成
过去进行时的构成: was/were + v-ing。过去进行时常与表示过去的时间状语连用（当上下文 有时间暗示时，也可省去时间状语）。例如：
We were having supper when the phone rang.
The giant saw that more children were crawling through a hole in the wall.
We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
What was he doing in the countryside all day last Sunday?
2. 过去进行时的用法
1) 表示在过去某个时间点正在发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示，
也可由上下语境暗示。例如：
What was she doing at nine o’clock yesterday? (介词短语表示时间点)
When I saw him, he was watering his flowers in his garden. (when从句表示时间点)
2) 在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主、从句的动词 都可以用过去进行时。例如：
While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. (两个动作都是延续的) He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. (两个动作同时进行)
专有名词（
Proper Nouns）专有名词表示人、机构、场所等特有的名称。例如：
1. 人名：Helen, Einstein, Danny, Jenny, Li Ming 2. 地名：Switzerland, Princeton, Europe, Lanzhou
3. 星期、月份：Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, January, February, March 4. 节日：Christmas Day, Thanksgiving Day, May Day, the Spring Festival 5. 机构：the United Nations, Princeton University
注意：
专有名词前一般不加冠词, 但下列情况须加定冠词the。
1. 在江、河、湖、海等专有名词前：the Yellow River, the Rockies
2. 普通名词构成的专有名词前：the Silk Road, the Lanzhou Zhongshan Bridge 3. 在复数姓氏、朝代的专有名词前：the Smiths，the Ming Dynasty
宾语补足语（
Object Complements）在八年级上册，我们已经学习了简单句的五种基本句型，并接触了宾语补足语。宾语补足 语用于补充说明宾语，通常由形容词、名词、副词、介词短语、v-ing、动词不定式等担任。动 词不定式作宾语补足语时是否带to，取决于所跟动词。动词是tell, want, ask, advise, order, know,