CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.4 Intercoder Reliability
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direction, this study will compare the news tone analysis graphs of both antaranews.com and detik.com.
Secondly, to examine the news frames, the coders will analyze whether an article use certain news frames and one article can be coded to more than one news frames. The goal is to contrast the news frames used by both antaranews.com and detik.com as the news frames used by the media have an important role in influencing public opinion. To do the coding, the researcher will have to answer there is (1) or there is no (0) for each of the news frames. There is (1) means there is that certain news frame used in the article and there is no (0) is there is no that certain news frame used in the article. In the end, the result will show which use frames used by both antaranews.com and detik.com in their coverage about Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang. Each of them could possibly emphasize different news frames in their news articles and this study aims to understand what news frames they used and how they used it in their news articles regarding the Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang case.
3.4. Intercoder Reliability
Intercoder reliability is an essential step of a content analysis research. It is
“near the heart of content analysis; if the coding is not reliable, the analysis cannot be trusted” (Singletary, 1993, p. 294). In line with this explanation, Lombard &
Snyder-Duch (2002) also stated that “Intercoder reliability, more specifically termed intercoder agreement, is a measure of the extent to which independent
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Accordingly, along with the researcher, one coder will code the news articles separately and later compare the results in terms of intercoder reliability. There are ways to measure intercoder reliability and this study will use Cohen Kappa’s reliability test and “it was reported as the most widely used index for reliability”
(Wang, 2011, p. 15). The Kappa can range from -1 to +1, where 1 represents perfect agreement between the coders. Cohen suggested the Kappa values 0.81-1.00 are considered as almost perfect agreement, while 0.61-0.80 is substantial, and 0.41-0.60 is moderate but inadequate (McHugh, 2012).
In this reliability test between two coders, 18 subcodes of this study have been tested with an average Kappa values of 0.84 as the result and is considered as almost perfect agreement. The complete result of the reliability test can be seen in Appendix B (page 79).
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CHAPTER 4 RESULTS
4.1. News Tone Analysis
To begin this section, this study first discusses the findings of the news tone analysis to answer the first research question (RQ1), which is “To what extent the news tone of Indonesian government media was correlated to the news tone of friendly private media in the case of Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang?”. As the main goal of public diplomacy is “to shape positive attitudes toward the country” (Ociepka, 2008, p. 1), the government media here is assumed to try to shape the news tone into the positive tone and the government-friendly media here is expected to be in the same direction with the government media as later it will help to shape the public opinion desired. To answer this question, this study first looks at the news tone of antaranews.com as the government’s media of public diplomacy, then see the news tone of detik.com as the selected private media and analyze whether they are correlated to each other. Figure 6 below shows the news tone analysis result of antaranews.com.
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Figure 6. News Tone Analysis – Antaranews.com (November 2018 – June 2019)
Figure 6 shows the fluctuating of antaranews.com’s news tone from time to time, starting from November 2018 until June 2019. Looking at the overall result, the news tone of antaranews.com in this Xinjiang Uighurs Muslim case is rather negative than positive with an average number of 12.46. The numbers of the tone itself range from -118.18 until 77.78 and it is safe to say that starting from the middle of the graph, the tone gradually becomes more positive than before, or at least slightly higher on the average than in the first half graph.
Looking back at the lowest news tone, it is happened right on December 21, 2018, when the protest, which demanded an end to China’s detention of Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang in Jakarta took place. There are numerous sentences with negative tendencies as the article mainly said about how Indonesia’s foreign policy of being
“independent and active” should not limit Indonesia in defending the truth and fight all
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firm stand in handling this humanitarian issue. Especially in that article, Fadli Zon, Indonesian Deputy Chairman of the People's Representative Council also said that Indonesia, as the biggest Muslim country in the world, has to take a stand in fighting the human rights violation that is now faced by the Muslim Uighurs in Xinjiang.
Indonesian government has to take a clear, firm position dan should not stay still seeing what is happening in Xinjiang as Indonesia values “independent and active” foreign policy.
However, right after that news article, the news coverage gradually becomes more and more positive, meaning that the Indonesian government tried to shape a more positive image towards the public and this is where the domestic public diplomacy takes place. Numerous parties expected Indonesian government to speak up about this issue, while Indonesian government itself decided to not be so vocal, as there is possibility that this issue is caused by radicalism, meaning that China also has their right to protect their country and no country can interfere them in handling this issue. Indonesian government then realized that the support from its domestic public is needed, especially in this kind of crisis where the government has a different agenda with what the public expected, and domestic public diplomacy has been so important more than ever.
While looking at the end of the graph, where the news tone is getting more positive, it happened when antaranews.com mostly covered live reports from Xinjiang.
China invited several diplomats to come and see the real situation in Xinjiang and despite whether the setting is real, the news articles talked about how the situation in Xinjiang is fine, stable, peaceful, and how the people there look happy that it is hard to believe about the bad things that people outside said about the camp. They mentioned
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In practicing this whole public diplomacy process, the Indonesian government used antaranews.com as one of their major media to promote their idea through the news articles that covered this issue. This is expected to help shape a positive public opinion towards the government and later gain their support to make the international policy goals easier. The next question that comes up is to what extent this public diplomacy is done by the Indonesian government correlated to the government-friendly media. To answer that question, this study will further discuss the news tone of detik.com and see whether it is correlated to the news tone of antaranews.com.
Figure 7. News Tone Analysis – Detik.com (November 2018 – June 2019)
Figure 7 shows the fluctuating of detik.com’s news tone from time to time, starting from November 2018 until June 2019. Looking at the overall result, the news tone of detik.com in this Xinjiang Uighurs Muslim case is rather negative than positive with an average number of -31.23, lower (more negative) than antaranews.com. The numbers of the tone itself range from -84.62 until 39.39 and it is safe to say that
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reached the positive numbers. However, at the end of the graph, the tone gradually becomes more positive too.
4.2. News Frames Analysis
After discussing the news tone, the second research question (RQ2), which is
“To what extent the news frames of Indonesian government media was correlated to the news frames of friendly private media in the case of Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang?”.
First, Figure 8 below shows the news frames analysis of antaranews.com from November 2018 until June 2019.
Figure 8. News Tone Analysis Comparison
Figure 8. News Frames Analysis - Antaranews.com
Figure 8 shows that all five news frames are found in antaranews.com’s news articles, with the human interest frame as the most dominant one 31%. In the second
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News Frames - Antaranews.com
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Looking at the human interest frame as the most dominant one, the result shows that between the three subcodes in this frame (private information, adjective, and visual content), visual content came up as the highest and followed by adjectives and private information subcodes. 45 articles from all 68 articles included a picture in their news coverage as they tried to emphasize and generate feelings of empathy from the public.
Figure 9 below is the sample picture of Uighur children in Xinjiang smiling at the camera that they put in their news article.
Figure 9. Sample Picture of Antaranews.com (1)
The selection of the pictures is supporting the government’s idea, especially around March 2019 when they did the live report from Xinjiang, saying that the situation there was stable and people in the camp were looking fine. Figure 10 below is the other sample picture of when Uighur people in the camp performing by singing their traditional song. Along with the picture, in the news, they also mentioned that the Head
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with that situation (in the camp). Obviously, through this human interest frame, antaranews.com tried to generate a positive feeling toward the public about this Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang issue to get a positive impression and support from the public.
Figure 10. Sample Picture of Antaranews.com (2)
Next, the conflict frame and morality frame came up as the second most used news frames in antaranews.com’s news articles with only slightly lower numbers than the human interest frame. In the conflict frame, the result shows that in their news articles, antaranews.com tried to emphasize the conflict between the parties by mentioning the parties that involved in this issue from the government, Muslim organization, experts, and politician. While in the morality frame, antaranews.com tried to refer to morality and religious tenets, especially related to human rights and Muslim religion. Understanding that this Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang is a humanitarian issue with
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of the most used news frames in antaranews.com’s news coverage as these two components will always come up as a strong focus in this Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang case.
While for attribution of responsibility frame, antaranews.com seems to not putting much focus on the frame as if we look into the Indonesian government’s idea about this issue, they emphasize how Indonesia should not interfere China in handling this issue and wait for further information from the embassy. They do not really talk about how someone should take responsibility for this issue and thus, it is reasonable for antaranews.com to not putting this as the focus in their news coverage to support the idea. The same thing goes to the economic consequences frame, which is not a big focus on this issue as it is not strongly related to economic consequences, that emphasize the economic impact of the problem.
Next, this study will discuss the findings of news frames analysis of detik.com from November 2018 until June 2019 before finally discuss the comparison between these two media. Figure 11 below shows the result of detik.com’s news frames analysis.
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Figure 11 shows that all five news frames are also found in the news articles, with conflict frame as the highest one (41.60%), then follow by morality frame with 31.10% and human interest frame with 18.60%. Less than 10%, there is attribution of responsibility frame with 6.80% and economic consequences frame with 1.90%.
Looking at the two lowest ones, attribution of responsibility frame and economic consequences frame also came up as the bottom two in detik.com. Generally speaking, the economic consequences frame is not the highlight in this Muslim Uighur Xinjiang and only 3 articles from a total of 52 articles in detik.com actually included the economic-related subject in the news article. The same thing goes to the attribution of responsibility frame. Actually, detik.com also mentioned about how Indonesian government should take the responsibility to speak up on behalf of all Muslim countries as well as the solution of the issue for several times, but the number is still low compared to other news frames with the total of 11 of 52 articles mentioned that news frame.
Looking at the most dominant one, detik.com mainly uses conflict news frames, meaning that they tried to emphasize the conflict in their news coverage regarding this Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang case. As many as 46 of 52 articles tried to emphasize the issue by mentioning the parties that involved in this issue from the government, Muslim organization, experts, and politician. Indeed, this Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang case is such a big and broad issue as that involved many big actors inside and by emphasizing the issue, detik.com also putting the focus on the people who involved in this issue.
Furthermore, 21 of 52 articles also tried to emphasize the disagreement between the actors involved in the issue, including the protests that happened in several places in
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Uighur detention case”, “Ikatan Dai Indonesia (i.e. a Muslim organization in Indonesia) condemns the oppression Muslim Uighurs”, “China furious over U.S. Minister of Foreign Affairs criticism about Uighurs issue”, and so forth. Almost in 90% of their news articles about this Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang, they tried to put the focus on the conflict and draw the public’s attention to how big the issue is instead of any other aspects.
Similar to antaranews.com, morality also came up as the second-highest news frames in detik.com as this Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang case is clearly and strongly related to human rights and Muslim. All 41 of 52 articles in detik.com news coverage tried to make references with morality and religion tenets, for example by mentioning that China’s detention camp is a human right violation and China government has to respect their religious freedom. Indeed, this issue is such a big issue itself as Indonesia is the biggest Muslim country in the world and has had no doubt about taking a stand for persecuted Muslims in other cases. It is reasonable for detik.com to put the focus on this news frame as huge Muslim population in Indonesia will also put their focus to the same aspect as well.
Following the morality frame and quite different from antaranews.com, the human interest frame came up in the third position in detik.com with 18.60%.
Compared to the conflict frame as the highest one, the number is half lower than that, meaning that detik.com did not put a big focus in this news frame. Instead of using visual content to generate feelings, detik.com used adjectives to generate the public’s feelings, for example by using the words, “severe”, “inhumane”, “big scope”,
“oppressed”, to explain this Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang issue. Although this news frame is not their main focus, but these words are obviously used to support the most dominant
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
5.1. Discussions
As stated in the theory, domestic public diplomacy has to be understood as “a part of nation’s overall public diplomacy effort” (Melissen, 2011, p. 19) and the success of the conduct of public diplomacy will never be apart from the success of the government in enacting interactions with multiple stakeholders at home, primarily the citizens (Bátora, 2005). In this case study of Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang, the Indonesian government realizes that the communication to their domestic public is just as important as their communication to the international world that they also manage to keep updating the citizens about the developing of this Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang issue.
Using their official news websites, namely antaranews.com, Indonesia is one of the countries that started to perform “digital diplomacy”, which focuses on the usage of internet and digital media to communicate with the public. In the realm of new public diplomacy in the 21st century, the use of this news websites to communicate with the public has a stronger meaning to Indonesia more than the trend and benefits. A research done by Indonesian Digital Association (IDA) showed that news media has a huge role in shaping public opinion as the percentage of Indonesian people consuming online news is up to 96% (Afrianto, 2016), thus the use of this news websites as the government’s communication tool with the public is extremely important and strongly affect the success of the public diplomacy.
As the main goal of public diplomacy is “to shape positive attitudes toward the
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this goal, the use of media framing mentioned as one of the ways to achieve the goal in a more effective way (Gilboa, 2006). As every issue can be presented in many ways that may influence how people think about an issue, Gilboa (2008, p. 64) stated that framing is “media selection, exclusion of, and emphasis on certain issues and approaches to promote a particular definition, interpretation, moral evaluation, or a solution”. In terms of public diplomacy, Entman (2004) suggested that “Presidents and their chief foreign policy advisers, elites, and the media, are engaged in a battle to shape frames that reach the public through the media and greatly influence the formation of public opinion” (Gilboa, 2008, 64).
In this Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang case, the Indonesian government as the actor performs media framing to shape the frames that influence the formation of the public opinion expected by selecting what is important to put into their news coverage. To understand more about this media framing that the Indonesian government performs in this domestic public diplomacy process, this leads to the research questions that this study tries to answer, which will be further discussed in the next sections.
5.1.1. News Tone Analysis
To answer the first research question (RQ1), which is “To what extent the news tone of Indonesian government media was correlated to the news tone of friendly private media in the case of Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang?”, this study employs quantitative content analysis method to analyze both the news tone of antaranews.com and detik.com. The goal is to understand to what extent the news tone of antaranews.com is correlated to the news tone of detik.com. As the main
To answer the first research question (RQ1), which is “To what extent the news tone of Indonesian government media was correlated to the news tone of friendly private media in the case of Muslim Uighurs Xinjiang?”, this study employs quantitative content analysis method to analyze both the news tone of antaranews.com and detik.com. The goal is to understand to what extent the news tone of antaranews.com is correlated to the news tone of detik.com. As the main