Chapter 1. Introduction
1.3 Jet formation – Laser-induced water jet
In the next part of this work, we investigate the liquid jet formation. These studies are widely encountered in nature and various applications such as ink-jet printing, spray cooling, quenching and cutting of metal, liquid jet based needle-free injectors, DNA sampling, nuclear fission, powder technology [22-25]. On the other hand, jet dynamic investigates several physical properties of fluid, such as surface tension, viscosity, and non-Newtonian rheology. Almost all classical physics comes into play in the dynamic of jet, and still remains several challenging cases. In this article, we focus on the laser-induced liquid jet on a free surface. Free surface flows are almost the most beautiful and complicate phenomena encountered in fluid mechanics. This is especially true when a liquid surface is disturbed by a violent event beneath the free surface in the fluid domain or from the outside world to the fluid domain like an object impact or a reflecting shock wave.
When an object travels through a free surface of a fluid, a familiar jet formation exists, which is called Worthington jet [26] after the pioneering work on time-resolved imaging of A.M. Worthington. The object impacting on the free surface causes a crater on the free surface, and the collapse of this crater generates a vertical upward jet. Eruption of liquid jets from collapsing depressions has indeed been observed in a number of diverse instances, such as forcing the standing Faraday waves in a liquid surface [27], during the burst of bubbles [28], and tubular jet [29]. The tubular jet is formed in a tube when the tube is initially immersed in a tank of fluid and then suddenly released [29]. In addition to the fluid, a bed of fine, loose sand which nearly has no surface tension can also generate a remarkably different jet dynamics called granular jet when a particle falls and impacts into the sand [30].
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Compared to the jet formed from a crater, a jet or splash forms on a free surface when an object is expanding very fast beneath a water surface such as material explosion which was studied extensively since World War II in the field of underwater explosions [31]. These studies, dealing with a large-size explosion bubble in underwater explosion, mainly focused on the bubble oscillation and the generation of spray on the free surface [31,32]. Recently, a small-scale cavitation bubble in millimeter size was used and the results showed more qualitative behaviors compared to the large-size explosion bubble for further theoretical simulations [33].
Understanding these behaviors is believed to shed light on the mechanisms of the erosion damages on a deformable surface caused by a nearby collapsing bubble [34,35]. Such a small-scale bubble was generally generated by using spark discharge [36] and these studies showed that, universally, an oscillating bubble develops into a toroidal shape during its collapse [33-35]. This shape evolution was reconstructed well in theoretical simulations [33-35]. In addition to the bubble, a liquid jet was seen to burst out from the free surface, and for a certain bubble depth, there emerged a thin jet followed by a markedly thicker jet and a circular crown-like jet perfectly connected on the shoulder of the thick jet transited to the thin jet [34,37].
The main drawbacks of the spark discharge and material explosive are the unavoidable influence of the electrodes and remained explosives on the dynamics of the bubble and liquid jet. In contrast, lasers have been shown to be useful and precisely controllable for generating a bubble by direct optical breakdown with pulsed lasers [38,39] or thermocavitation with CW lasers [40]. Several dynamics with different boundary systems were observed such as rigid wall for applications of erosion damages and fluid pumping [38,41,42], membrane or living cell for tissue engineering applications [43,44]. The oscillation times of a cavitation bubble near a rigid wall and free surface were investigated and compared with modified Rayleigh’s
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model [45]. Very recently, a liquid jet on a flat free surface induced by a femtosecond pulsed laser was implemented in a new laser printing technique named film-free laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) to overcome the constraint of solid or liquid film preparation [46]. Furthermore, the laser-induced breakdown bears the potential to generate a more complex and flexible jet formation by controlling the shape of the bubble. K. Y. Lim et al. in 2010 [47] showed that complex bubble patterns can be generated using a holographic element in which the laser energy distribution is controlled by the patterns displayed on a spatial light modulator (SLM) acting as a phase object by a Fourier transform. As a result, bubble shaping and multiple bubble are achievable for inducing desired liquid jet. However, despite the great potential in future, there still remain several unknown mechanisms about the liquid jet and its evolution such as the crown-like structure on the thick jet [37]. The purpose in this article is to explore the detailed mechanisms and temporal evolutions of the laser-induced liquid jet.
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