Chapter 5: Discussion
5.6 Limitations
There are several limitations in this study. First, the RMAS, developed by Torres-Harding et al. (2012) targeting people of color in the U.S., was revised in this study to enhance its adaptation to international students’ status in Taiwan. However, due to limited
examination as to its validity information, interpretations of this scale should be made with caution. For example, several participants mentioned that some of the items seemed to imply that the participant's ethnicity is backward, or that they came from less developed countries, which may not be suitable for some students’ cultural background. As to diversity, RMAS mostly focuses on negative subtle discrimination or racism that participants perceived. However, it seems to lack much diversification, such as the concept of positive racism, which is a unique form of racism mentioned in Taiwanese research (Lan, 2011). In this study, one participant indicated that she would have scored differently if positive discrimination also counted as microaggression, which is another evidence of the limitation of this scale. Moreover, the current sample is biased in terms of an unbalanced ratio of those were single to those who were in committed relationship, with 74% (157) single and only 26% (55) in relationship. To sum up, these findings may not generalize well to international students who are not people of color, who are in a relationship or who perceived positive racism.
Next, the use of self-report measures is another limitation. Since self-report measures give you the respondents' own views directly, the data are personal, idiosyncratic, and participants might not be fully aware of their feelings. Therefore, responses might have been impacted by one’s level of self-awareness around these experiences (Barker et al., 2002). Another potential problem of this measurement is that participants may not be truthful about their real thoughts or they might have either minimized or exaggerated their experiences (Barker et al., 2002). For example, participants with multicultural background might be more sensitive to racial microaggressions and would score higher than people from other cultural groups.
In this study, the population is international students in Taiwan. In terms of sampling, some participants were recruited through snow-ball sampling, and the sampling was not
well-distributed. Also, it is possible that this sample may be biased because it represents only those students who are willing to participate or are interested in this topic. Therefore, the sample may not be fully representative of this population in Taiwan.
The questionnaire used in this study was written in English. However, as English was a second language for the majority of the participants, a language barrier with English language fluency may have influenced on the interpretation of survey items which could have impacted the results (Mahmood, 2014). In fact, some scholars have suggested that the questionnaire be written in both English and Chinese for better understanding by the students (Huang, 2008; Lee, 2004).
Lastly, this study examined correlation between major variables, which revealed the major drawback of correlational studies, that they cannot be used to make unequivocal causal inferences. Correlations may strongly suggest causal influences, but they cannot firmly establish them (Barker et al., 2002). For example, this study indicated that there are highly positive relation between microaggressions, depressions, and acculturative stress. However, it is unknown that factors exactly causes these experiences among international students, and it is unclear that if acculturative stress or microaggressions may cause depression, or vice versa.
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