10. Lesbians just can't fit into our society.
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree 11. State laws against private sexual behavior between consenting adult women
should be abolished.*
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree 12. Female homosexuality is a sin.
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree 13. Female homosexuality in itself is no problem unless society makes it a problem.*
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree 14. Lesbians are sick.
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
Part 3. Attitudes toward Same-sex Marriage and Civil Unions**
15. Do you favor or oppose a law that would allow homosexual couples to marry, giving them the same legal rights as other married couples?
Strongly favor Favor Don’t know Oppose Strongly oppose 16. Do you favor or oppose a law that would allow homosexual couples to legally
form civil unions that are not marriages, but would give them some of the legal rights of married couples such as inheritance, insurance, and hospital visiting privileges?
Strongly favor Favor Don’t know Oppose Strongly oppose
Part 4. Need for Cognition**
For each of the statements below, please indicate to what extent the statement is characteristic of you.
17. I would prefer complex to simple problems.
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
18. I like to have the responsibility of handling a situation that requires a lot of thinking.
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
19. Thinking is not my idea of fun.*
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Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic20. I would rather do something that requires little thought than something that is sure to challenge my thinking abilities.*
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
21. I try to anticipate and avoid situations where there is likely a chance I will have to think in depth about something.*
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
22. I find satisfaction in deliberating hard and for long hours.
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
23. I only think as hard as I have to.*
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
24. I prefer to think about small, daily projects to long-term ones.*
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
25. I like tasks that require little thought once I've learned them.*
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
26. The idea of relying on thought to make my way to the top appeals to me.
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
27. I really enjoy a task that involves coming up with new solutions to problems.
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
28. Learning new ways to think doesn't excite me very much.*
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
29. I prefer my life to be filled with puzzles that I must solve.
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
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30. The notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me.
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
31. I would prefer a task that is intellectual, difficult, and important to one that is somewhat important but does not require much thought.
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
32. I feel relief rather than satisfaction after completing a task that required a lot of mental effort.*
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
33. It's enough for me that something gets the job done; I don't care how or why it works.*
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
34. I usually end up deliberating about issues even when they do not affect me personally.
Extremely characteristic Somewhat characteristic Uncertain Somewhat uncharacteristic Extremely uncharacteristic
Part 5. Demographics**
35. Gender
Male Female 36. What is your year of birth?
____________
37. What is your highest level of education?
Junior high school
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Buddhist Muslim Hindu Other
39. How important religion is in your daily life?
Very important Somewhat important Neutral
Not very important Not important at all
40. What is your sexual orientation?
Heterosexual Gay or Lesbian Bisexual Other
This is the end of the questionnaire, thank you for your participation.
**These headings are not presented to experimental participants.
*Reverse-coded
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Appendix B Survey Questionnaire
(Japanese)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
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17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
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27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
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38.
39.
40.
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Gay Marriage in Japan: Activists Still Fighting for Equal Rights From the Japan Times, Aug. 24, 2013
Headline: Morality Frame
Gay Marriage in Japan: Will Gay Marriage Destroy the Traditional Family Unit?
From the Japan Times, Aug. 24, 2013
The global trend favoring human and civil rights is evident in the growing number of nations legalizing gay marriage. In Europe, such civil unions are widely accepted. In May, France became the 14th country to legalize gay marriage, joining Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, the Netherlands (the first to do so), Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden and Uruguay. In the United States, gay marriage was first legalized in 2004 and is now on the statute books in 13 states in addition to Washington, D.C., though it remains illegal in 35 states. Overall, the recent 2013 Pew Poll on Homosexuality conducted by the Washington-based Pew Research Center found 51 percent of Americans favor same-sex marriage while 42 percent are opposed.
So what about Japan? As the 2013 Pew poll found that 54 percent believe society should accept homosexuality — up from 49 percent in 2007 — while 36 percent disagree, public opinion seems to be not an obstacle to gay marriage in Japan. But openly gay politicians are rare and political parties don’t actively court this
constituency. In Japan, gay marriage is part of a broader debate about the changing nature of the modern family and human rights.
Equality Frame
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The constitution guarantees equal treatment and bans discrimination, but for Japan’s LGBT community, this remains an unrealized dream. Gay couples are denied equal rights ranging from income-tax treatment to joint
mortgages, inheritance and pensions. This constitutes discrimination and imposes financial penalties on gay couples that seem unconstitutional.
Also many LGBT activists argue that same-sex couples should be allowed to publicly celebrate their commitment in the same way as heterosexual couples.
The Human Rights Campaign Foundation states that many same-sex couples “want the right to legally marry [and] honor their relationship in the greatest way our society has to offer, by making a public commitment to stand together in good times and bad, through all the joys and challenges family life brings.”
Morality Frame
In the election campaign for the Lower House in December 2012, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) expressed its opinion that no additional
measures are required to protect the rights of gays and lesbians. Responding to a survey distributed by Shikoku-based Rainbow Pride Ehime, the LDP also
dashed hopes for equal social security and inheritance treatment, responding that, “These systems should be intended for heterosexual couples.”
Those who oppose same-sex marriage generally concern about not only that legalization of same-sex marriage will weaken the traditional family values that are essential to our society, but also that children who are being brought up by same-sex parents will be more likely to face discrimination based on their parents' sexuality.
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Appendix D Framing Manipulation
(Japanese) Headline: Equality Frame
Headline: Morality Frame
Equality Frame
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Morality Frame