Chapter 1 Introduction
1.7 Organization of the Thesis
The organization of this thesis is as follows. In Chapter 2, a brief background on the mechanics of the three important health indicators namely DOT, ECG and EEG is provided, including the significance of the associated signal processing algorithms independent component analysis (ICA) and HRV for EEG and ECG respectively.
In Chapter 3, the proposed integrated biomedical monitoring system is presented in detail, starting with the overall system overview and application, and followed by a quick review of the algorithms implemented – independent component analysis (ICA) for EEG, heart rate variability (HRV) analysis for ECG, and brain image reconstruction for DOT. The chapter continues with a comprehensive implementation-level description of the system, the hardware architecture, the individual sub modules and their interoperation. Functional verification of the entire system is discussed and finally, the chapter concludes with the results of chip implementation using UMC 65nm CMOS technology.
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In Chapter 4, a special integrated DOT/ECG/EEG biomedical SoC IP design based on the previously taped-out chip is presented. The purpose of this SoC IP is to allow practical integration of the developed biomedical solution into today’s standard ARM-based SoCs.
Modifications from the chip implementation such as hardware-software repartitioning of the original design into an SoC architecture, wrapping of the original biomedical multiprocessor core into an AHB-compatible IP, support for additional functionality, and overall SoC system operation are described in detail. Results of system implementation and verification using SOCLE’s ARM-based SoC Cheetah Development Kit are presented, and the chapter concludes with a demonstration of the developed system’s functionality in various real-time biomedical applications.
Finally, the conclusion and future works along the line of this thesis are outlined in Chapter 5.
2.1
(Diffuse Optical Tomography and
transmitted into human tissue, and depending on the internal biological composition and structure, va
sensor end.
intensities
medical analysis and diagnosis.
on NIR physics and technology.
development in recent years. In
(HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and volume using bi
near-blood flow, near-blood vol cancer
Chapter 2
Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) of Human Tissue Due to its non
(Diffuse Optical Tomography and render imag
transmitted into human tissue, and depending on the internal biological composition and structure, varying degrees
sensor end. Using an array of NIR source and detector pairs, a intensities can be established from which
medical analysis and diagnosis.
on NIR physics and technology.
(a) Phenomenon of photon migration Figure 2
Many researches pertaining to DOT technology have made rapid progress and development in recent years. In
(HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and volume using bi
-infrared. Therefore, in clinical application, the primary uses of DOT are monitoring blood flow, blood vol
cancer [2]. Depending on the method of measurement of the diffused near
Chapter 2
Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) of Human Tissue Due to its non-invasive and real
(Diffuse Optical Tomography
images of the brain in recent years. Infrared and near
transmitted into human tissue, and depending on the internal biological composition and rying degrees of photon diffusion and
Using an array of NIR source and detector pairs, a can be established from which
medical analysis and diagnosis.
on NIR physics and technology.
Phenomenon of photon migration
2-1 Foundation of DOT imaging based on NIR physics and technology
Many researches pertaining to DOT technology have made rapid progress and development in recent years. In
(HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and volume using bi
infrared. Therefore, in clinical application, the primary uses of DOT are monitoring blood flow, blood volume, oxygen saturation, tumors within the brain, and detecting breast
. Depending on the method of measurement of the diffused near
Background on DOT, ECG and EEG
Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) of Human Tissue invasive and real
(Diffuse Optical Tomography) technology has been widely used to detect tumors in the breast the brain in recent years. Infrared and near
transmitted into human tissue, and depending on the internal biological composition and of photon diffusion and
Using an array of NIR source and detector pairs, a can be established from which
medical analysis and diagnosis. Figure on NIR physics and technology.
Phenomenon of photon migration
Foundation of DOT imaging based on NIR physics and technology
Many researches pertaining to DOT technology have made rapid progress and development in recent years. In particular, DOT can be used to detect oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and volume using bi
infrared. Therefore, in clinical application, the primary uses of DOT are monitoring ume, oxygen saturation, tumors within the brain, and detecting breast . Depending on the method of measurement of the diffused near
10
Background on DOT, ECG and EEG
Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) of Human Tissue
invasive and real-time characteristics as a radiography tool, DOT ) technology has been widely used to detect tumors in the breast the brain in recent years. Infrared and near
transmitted into human tissue, and depending on the internal biological composition and of photon diffusion and
Using an array of NIR source and detector pairs, a can be established from which the DOT
Figure 2-1 illustrates the foundation of DOT imaging based
Phenomenon of photon migration
Foundation of DOT imaging based on NIR physics and technology
Many researches pertaining to DOT technology have made rapid progress and particular, DOT can be used to detect oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and volume using bi
infrared. Therefore, in clinical application, the primary uses of DOT are monitoring ume, oxygen saturation, tumors within the brain, and detecting breast . Depending on the method of measurement of the diffused near
Background on DOT, ECG and EEG
Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) of Human Tissue
time characteristics as a radiography tool, DOT ) technology has been widely used to detect tumors in the breast the brain in recent years. Infrared and near
transmitted into human tissue, and depending on the internal biological composition and of photon diffusion and signal attenuation are detected at the light Using an array of NIR source and detector pairs, a
the DOT image can be calculated and displayed illustrates the foundation of DOT imaging based
(b)
Foundation of DOT imaging based on NIR physics and technology
Many researches pertaining to DOT technology have made rapid progress and particular, DOT can be used to detect oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and volume using bi
infrared. Therefore, in clinical application, the primary uses of DOT are monitoring ume, oxygen saturation, tumors within the brain, and detecting breast . Depending on the method of measurement of the diffused near
Background on DOT, ECG and EEG
Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) of Human Tissue
time characteristics as a radiography tool, DOT ) technology has been widely used to detect tumors in the breast the brain in recent years. Infrared and near-infrared
transmitted into human tissue, and depending on the internal biological composition and signal attenuation are detected at the light Using an array of NIR source and detector pairs, a map of received light
can be calculated and displayed illustrates the foundation of DOT imaging based
) NIR source and detector pair Foundation of DOT imaging based on NIR physics and technology
Many researches pertaining to DOT technology have made rapid progress and particular, DOT can be used to detect oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and volume using bi
infrared. Therefore, in clinical application, the primary uses of DOT are monitoring ume, oxygen saturation, tumors within the brain, and detecting breast . Depending on the method of measurement of the diffused near
Background on DOT, ECG and EEG
Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) of Human Tissue
time characteristics as a radiography tool, DOT ) technology has been widely used to detect tumors in the breast
infrared rays (NIR) transmitted into human tissue, and depending on the internal biological composition and
signal attenuation are detected at the light map of received light can be calculated and displayed illustrates the foundation of DOT imaging based
NIR source and detector pair Foundation of DOT imaging based on NIR physics and technology
Many researches pertaining to DOT technology have made rapid progress and particular, DOT can be used to detect oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and volume using bi-wavelength infrared. Therefore, in clinical application, the primary uses of DOT are monitoring ume, oxygen saturation, tumors within the brain, and detecting breast . Depending on the method of measurement of the diffused near-infrared light, DOT time characteristics as a radiography tool, DOT ) technology has been widely used to detect tumors in the breast rays (NIR) are transmitted into human tissue, and depending on the internal biological composition and
signal attenuation are detected at the light map of received light can be calculated and displayed for illustrates the foundation of DOT imaging based
NIR source and detector pair Foundation of DOT imaging based on NIR physics and technology
Many researches pertaining to DOT technology have made rapid progress and particular, DOT can be used to detect oxygenated hemoglobin wavelength infrared. Therefore, in clinical application, the primary uses of DOT are monitoring ume, oxygen saturation, tumors within the brain, and detecting breast infrared light, DOT time characteristics as a radiography tool, DOT ) technology has been widely used to detect tumors in the breast are transmitted into human tissue, and depending on the internal biological composition and signal attenuation are detected at the light map of received light for illustrates the foundation of DOT imaging based
Many researches pertaining to DOT technology have made rapid progress and particular, DOT can be used to detect oxygenated hemoglobin wavelength infrared. Therefore, in clinical application, the primary uses of DOT are monitoring ume, oxygen saturation, tumors within the brain, and detecting breast infrared light, DOT
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can be generally divided into three main categories: the Continuous Wave (CW), Frequency Domain and Time Domain.
Table 2-1 Characteristics of the three main types of diffuse optical measurements
Type Advantages Disadvantages
Time Domain (TD)
1. Spatial resolution 2. Penetration depth
3. Most accurate separation of absorption and scattering coefficients
1. High sampling rate
2. Instrument size and weight 3. Stabilization and cooling 4. Cost
Example Uses: Imaging cerebral oxygenation and breast imaging Frequency
Domain (FD)
1. Relatively low sampling rate 2. Relatively accurate separation
of absorption and scattering coefficients
1. Penetration depth
2. Instrument size and weight 3. Cost
Example Uses: Cerebral and muscle oximetry, breast imaging
Continuous Wave (CW)
1. Low sampling rate
2. Instrument size, weight and simplicity
3. Low cost
1. Penetration depth
2. Difficult to separate absorption and scattering coefficients
Example Uses: Finger pulse oximeter, functional brain experiments, cerebral hemorrhage
Table 2-1 shows the characteristics of different DOT systems. The CW system provides advantages such as low cost, high portability, low power consumption and computation overhead, despite lack of depth information [13]. The volume of the CW-DOT system can be miniaturized which is the biggest advantage compared to other algorithms.
Therefore, the CW-DOT system appears to be the most feasible candidate for hardware implementation. However, little literature has been published on such implementation of CW-DOT signal processing. Most CW-CW-DOT systems post-process the signal offline by means of a computer such as [18] and [19]. This immediately eliminates the feature of portability, and therefore highlighting the advantage of a VLSI hardware implementation.
2.2 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Electrocardiography (ECG) is an interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured and externally recorded by skin electrodes [20]. It is a noninvasive
recording produced by an electrocardiographic device. The ECG is an essential tool for health professionals in diagnosing heart conditions such as a
when one is suspected.
The ECG works mostly by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical changes on the skin that are caused when the heart muscle depolarizes during each heartbeat. Usually more than two electrodes ar
from each pair is known as a “lead”. Different types of ECG measurements can be referred to by the number of leads that are recorded, for example 3
lead ECG is one in which 12 different electrical signals are recorded at approximately the same time and will often be used as a one
paper copy. 3- and 5
screen of an appropriate monitoring device, for example during an operation or whilst being transported in an ambulance.
A typical ECG waveform, shown in
QRS peaks and a T peak. How these peaks in the ECG are originated is explained in . Additionally, i
most commonly
recording produced by an electrocardiographic device. The ECG is an essential tool for health professionals in diagnosing heart conditions such as a
when one is suspected.
The ECG works mostly by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical changes on the skin that are caused when the heart muscle depolarizes during each heartbeat. Usually more than two electrodes are used and they can be combined into a number of pairs. The output from each pair is known as a “lead”. Different types of ECG measurements can be referred to by the number of leads that are recorded, for example 3
CG is one in which 12 different electrical signals are recorded at approximately the same time and will often be used as a one
and 5-lead ECGs tend to be monitored continuously and viewed o
screen of an appropriate monitoring device, for example during an operation or whilst being transported in an ambulance.
A typical ECG waveform, shown in
QRS peaks and a T peak. How these peaks in the ECG are originated is explained in . Additionally, intervals between each peak can indicate the health of
ly used interval
Figure
recording produced by an electrocardiographic device. The ECG is an essential tool for health professionals in diagnosing heart conditions such as a
The ECG works mostly by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical changes on the skin that are caused when the heart muscle depolarizes during each heartbeat. Usually more e used and they can be combined into a number of pairs. The output from each pair is known as a “lead”. Different types of ECG measurements can be referred to by the number of leads that are recorded, for example 3
CG is one in which 12 different electrical signals are recorded at approximately the same time and will often be used as a one
lead ECGs tend to be monitored continuously and viewed o
screen of an appropriate monitoring device, for example during an operation or whilst being transported in an ambulance.
A typical ECG waveform, shown in
QRS peaks and a T peak. How these peaks in the ECG are originated is explained in ntervals between each peak can indicate the health of
used intervals are listed in
Figure 2-2 A typical ECG waveform
12
recording produced by an electrocardiographic device. The ECG is an essential tool for health professionals in diagnosing heart conditions such as a
The ECG works mostly by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical changes on the skin that are caused when the heart muscle depolarizes during each heartbeat. Usually more e used and they can be combined into a number of pairs. The output from each pair is known as a “lead”. Different types of ECG measurements can be referred to by the number of leads that are recorded, for example 3
CG is one in which 12 different electrical signals are recorded at approximately the same time and will often be used as a one-off recording of an ECG, typically printed out as a
lead ECGs tend to be monitored continuously and viewed o
screen of an appropriate monitoring device, for example during an operation or whilst being
A typical ECG waveform, shown in Figure
QRS peaks and a T peak. How these peaks in the ECG are originated is explained in ntervals between each peak can indicate the health of
are listed in Table
A typical ECG waveform
recording produced by an electrocardiographic device. The ECG is an essential tool for health professionals in diagnosing heart conditions such as abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmia
The ECG works mostly by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical changes on the skin that are caused when the heart muscle depolarizes during each heartbeat. Usually more e used and they can be combined into a number of pairs. The output from each pair is known as a “lead”. Different types of ECG measurements can be referred to by the number of leads that are recorded, for example 3-lead, 5
CG is one in which 12 different electrical signals are recorded at approximately the off recording of an ECG, typically printed out as a lead ECGs tend to be monitored continuously and viewed o
screen of an appropriate monitoring device, for example during an operation or whilst being
Figure 2-2, is composed of a P peak, a complex of QRS peaks and a T peak. How these peaks in the ECG are originated is explained in
ntervals between each peak can indicate the health of
Table 2-3 along with their usages and descriptions.
A typical ECG waveform and its parts
recording produced by an electrocardiographic device. The ECG is an essential tool for health bnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmia
The ECG works mostly by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical changes on the skin that are caused when the heart muscle depolarizes during each heartbeat. Usually more e used and they can be combined into a number of pairs. The output from each pair is known as a “lead”. Different types of ECG measurements can be referred to
lead, 5-lead or 12
CG is one in which 12 different electrical signals are recorded at approximately the off recording of an ECG, typically printed out as a lead ECGs tend to be monitored continuously and viewed o
screen of an appropriate monitoring device, for example during an operation or whilst being
, is composed of a P peak, a complex of QRS peaks and a T peak. How these peaks in the ECG are originated is explained in
ntervals between each peak can indicate the health of
with their usages and descriptions.
and its parts
recording produced by an electrocardiographic device. The ECG is an essential tool for health bnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmia
The ECG works mostly by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical changes on the skin that are caused when the heart muscle depolarizes during each heartbeat. Usually more e used and they can be combined into a number of pairs. The output from each pair is known as a “lead”. Different types of ECG measurements can be referred to lead or 12-lead ECGs. A 12 CG is one in which 12 different electrical signals are recorded at approximately the
off recording of an ECG, typically printed out as a lead ECGs tend to be monitored continuously and viewed o
screen of an appropriate monitoring device, for example during an operation or whilst being
, is composed of a P peak, a complex of QRS peaks and a T peak. How these peaks in the ECG are originated is explained in
ntervals between each peak can indicate the health of the heart. The with their usages and descriptions.
and its parts
recording produced by an electrocardiographic device. The ECG is an essential tool for health bnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmia
The ECG works mostly by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical changes on the skin that are caused when the heart muscle depolarizes during each heartbeat. Usually more e used and they can be combined into a number of pairs. The output from each pair is known as a “lead”. Different types of ECG measurements can be referred to
The ECG works mostly by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical changes on the skin that are caused when the heart muscle depolarizes during each heartbeat. Usually more e used and they can be combined into a number of pairs. The output from each pair is known as a “lead”. Different types of ECG measurements can be referred to