Overview of the Frames

This section provides an overview of the frames under the scope of Mandarin emotion verbs, shown in the table below.

Table 17. Overview of the Frames in Mandarin Emotion Archi-frame

In the emotion domain, there are one archi-frame (Emotion), four primary frames (Exp-Oriented, Exp-Oriented with Target, Stimulus -Oriented, and Affect-Oriented), nine basic frames (Happy-Sad, Regret-Sorry, Content-Contented, Love-Hate, Envy-Pity, Worry-Fear, Stimulus-Attributive, Attract-Comfort and Bother-Irritate), and several

13 There should be more micro -frames under the Emotion archiframe. In this paper, however, only eight micro-frames are discussed to provide a demonstration of criteria or principles of mic ro-frame distinguish.

micro-frames in this study. Figure 12 exhibits the hierarchical interrelationship between the frames.

Figure 12. Hierarchical Interrelationship between the Frames of Emotion

Moreover, as what is mentioned previously, all children or lower frames inherit the semantic and syntactic properties of the father or upper frame. Therefore, the syntactic patterns (i.e., defining patterns) in archiframe, primary frames, and basic frames will be listed to show the inheritance . The colored syntactic patterns in grids are defining patterns inherited from the upper or father frame. For example, the blue pattern

‘Experiencer[NP]<(感/感到/感覺/覺得)<Degree[Adv]<*’ in Exp-Oriented primary frame, and the pattern ‘Experiencer[NP]<(Degree[Adv])<*< (Target_entity[NP])’ in Exp-Oriented with Target primary frame are both inherited from the pattern

‘Experiencer[NP]<(感/感到/感覺/覺得)< *’ in the father or upper frame, i.e., Emotion archiframe.

Archi-frame Primary Frame Basic Frame Micro-frame

Table 18. Defining patterns in archiframe, p rimary frames, and basic frames Defining patterns in Emotion archiframe

Experiencer[NP]<(感/感到/感覺/覺得)<* Stimulus[NP] ＜ (Degree[ADV])

＜*

Affecter[NP]<*<Affectee[NP]

Defining patterns in the four primary frames

Exp-Oriented Exp-Oriented with Target Stimulus-Oriented Affect-Oriented

a. Experiencer[NP]<( 感/ 感 到 / 感

Defining patterns in the basic frames under each primary frame

I. Happy-Sad I. Love-Hate I.Stimulus-Attributive I. Attract-Comfort

a.Experiencer[NP]< ( 感/ 感 到 / 感 覺/覺得)<(Degree[Adv])<*

b.Stimulus[NP][VP][CL]< {令/讓/

使 / 教 }+Experiencer[NP]<

(Degree[Adv])<*

c.Experiencer[NP]<{ 為 / 替 }+

Target_empathy[NP]<(Degree

II. Regret-Sorry II. Envy-Pity II. Bother-Irritate

a.Experiencer[NP]<(Degree[Adv])<*

<Experiencer[NP]< (才)<*

e.Affectee[NP]<{ 被 }< Affecter<*

<Result[VP]

f.Affecter[NP]<{ 因 / 因 為 }Reason [NP/VP]<*<Affectee[NP]

f.Experiencer[NP]<{ 替 / 為 } Beneficiary[NP]<*<Target_entity[N P]/ Target_possible situation[S, VP]

Content-Contented (Cross two frames)

a.Experiencer[NP]<( 感/感到/感覺/

覺得)<Degree[Adv] <*

b.Stimulus[NP][VP][CL]<{ 令 / 讓 / 使/教}+Experiencer [NP]<*

d.Stimulus[NP][VP][CL]<{ 令 / 讓 / 使/教}+Experiencer[NP]<*<(Target -entity)

5.4 Summary

In this chapter, a conceptual schema of the Emotion is provided to help understanding the process of an emotion event. Moreover, two perspectives on regarding an emotional ev ent are proposed. Based on all the findings, Mandarin emotion verbs are classified and analyzed into a hierarchical structure from the perspective of frame semantics (Fillmore and Atkins 1992). Four-layered working taxonomy illustrates the semantic and grammatical features of verbs in an organized and systematic way.

Chpater 6 Conclusion

Adopting the theory of Frame Semantics (Fillmor e and Atkins 1992) and the construction of Mandrain VerbNet (Liu and Chiang 2008) , this study strives to capture the correlation between syntax and semantics. A multi-layered hierarchical toxonamy is worked out to distinguish the varied scopes of frames for the classification of verbs.

Frames in a broad domain, i.e., archiframe, share the same conceptual schema but highlight diverse subparts of the schema. Verbs under a frame share the same frame elements and display the similar constructional and collocational patterns. A frame which is composed of lexicon with similar semantic property owns a set of frame element and defining patterns that helps to distinguished it from other frames. It shows an interaction between lexical semantics and construction grammar.

According to Liu (2009), t his study investigates verbs of emotion in Mandarin, analyzing the verbs from two perspectives which illustrate how the event structure s are encoded in emotion verbs and how unique the semantic properties lexicalized in Mandarin emotion verbs. An Experiencer or Affectee may experience an emotional state because of a non-intentional Stimulus or because of an emotional effect or impact which is aroued by a volitional Affecter. Just like what Kovecses (1990) mentioned, an experiencer may respond to the emotion by undergoing a behavior or emotional impact, rather than acting as a willful agent. The study also reinforces the finding that the majority of Mandarin emotion verbs are Experiencer prominent (Liu 2009 and Liu &

Hong 2008), i.e., Experiencer-oriented, with an active vs. causative alternation, which is different from the typical active vs. passive alternation found in English ( e.g. interesting vs. interested.) By examining the grammatica l characteristics of different frames of

unique semantic properties lexicalized in Mandarin emotion verbs, i.e. the syntax-to-semantics correlation? W hat would be a unified approach to distinguished and categorize the different classes of emotion verbs ? Ultimately, the study offers a well-organized framework in analyzing and representing verbal semantics.

Although this study tries to examine the whole field of Mandarin emotion verbs, there are still some questions or issues that are not discussed here and needed to be investigated in the future:

A. The metaphorical extension of emotion verbs are not discussed in this study.

However, the issue is worthy to be paid attention.

B. To apply the analysis to the whole field of emotion verbs, only more general patterns or constructions are observed in this study, the more special or specific pattern such as 羨慕死我了 xianmu si wo le is not included in this study.

C. Idioms or more idiomatic using of verbs are not taken into consideration. They also need more attention and investigations.

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Website Resources

Academia Sinica Bilingual Ontological WordNet (Sinica BOW) http://bow.sinica.edu.tw/

Academa Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese (Sinica Corpus) http://www.sinica.edu.tw/SinicaCorpus/

Chinese Wordnet http://cwn.ling.sinica.edu.tw/

FrameNet http://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/

Google http://www.google.com.tw/

搜文解字 souwenjiezi http://words.sinica.edu.tw/