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(2005), Colombia (2014 and 2018), Ecuador (2006 and 2017), El Salvador (2018), Mexico (2009) and Peru (2000, 2001 and 2016), prominent leaders emerged in those campaigns such as novelists, politicians, journalists, or, ex-presidential candidates.
6.2 Policy Implication
Null vote campaigns in Latin America is a complex phenomenon. Many factors appear to promote the emergence of invalid vote movements, and many of these are inter-related.
Influential individuals or social movements advocating to cast a null or blank vote may exert a real impact on electoral politics. Such campaigns become major vehicles for social and political change across Latin American countries. While attention in these campaigns is widely being focused on short-term effects, particularly about the result of each election, it is also essential to keep an eye on the long-term consequences such as the risk of protests and violence.
Clearly, in this last century, the general dissatisfaction and features of the political context shape voters’ attitudes to cast invalid votes. During the presidential and lower chamber elections in Latin America, high rates of invalid vote and various campaigns that are promoting the annulment of the vote, have caused a common concern among scholars and political leaders as potential resources to weaken the authority of electoral mandates and undermine governance for elected leaders. Therefore, to reduce the number of invalid votes, one policy option for Latin countries is to put in place strong institutions to boost citizen confidence. Starting from an electoral process legitimate, transparent, and accountable manner, as is expected of democracy, will increase the public confidence in electoral and political processes.
Invalid ballots might come from a deliberately spoiled vote or occur accidentally. To avoid the latter, electoral processes should be designed to be as user-friendly as it is practicable to encourage and facilitate voters to choose for their preferred candidates without generating any unnecessary confusion. Besides, the government should also provide voters with necessary information about participating in elections, through civic and voter education.
Last, one interesting finding in my empirical results suggests that countries that adopt enforced compulsory voting systems tend to have more invalid vote in both presidential elections
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and lower chamber elections, and the effects are quite strong. It seems that there is a tradeoff between demanding citizens to participate in voting and the increase of invalid vote. However, my analyses also show that a country that adopts an unenforced compulsory voting system is more likely to have a lower level of invalid vote, compared to a country that adopts a voluntary voting system. Therefore, one policy implication of this finding suggests that countries might consider reforming their voting system to be unenforced compulsory voting systems for reducing invalid vote effectively.
Overall, this thesis has identified possible causal factors affecting invalid votes. More importantly, this study fills the gap in the literature and provide policy implications for the phenomenon of invalid vote. This research will be useful to those who are interested in voting behavior and voting system.
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