With the advancement of technology, displays developed for nearly a century. In 1922, the cathode ray tube (CRT) was the workhorse of text and video display technology for several decades until being displaced by plasma, liquid crystal (LCD) and solid-state devices such as LEDs and OLEDs. With the advent of microprocessors and microelectronic devices, many more individual picture elements ("pixels") could be incorporated into one display device, allowing graphic displays and video. But in the next stage, people will pursue not only the characteristic of high-resolution, but wearable and transparency – the transparent display.
Transparent display, as the name suggests is a display with a high degree of transparency. When it is not displayed, it can be like glass with high transparency.
When it is displayed, it can perform high resolution and contrast. Such characteristics make it quite a variety of applications in electronic devices, such as smart glasses (Google Glass), wearable devices and head-up display (HUD). These applications are also forecast to bring a huge market (Figure 1.16).301
Even though the transparent display technology is already advanced nowadays, common transparent displays typically encounter a major obstacle. This problem is that those common transparent displays have poor contrast while they are displaying due to light interference. So, here is my research motivation. We are seeking a way to prepare the ECD that can be introduced into the transparent display as a shutter (Figure 1.17), owing to the fact that the ECD we want to prepare has high transparency at nature state, low transparency at color state, and good response capability.
In our previous paper had published arylamine polyamide electrochromic materials with high contrast (Scheme 1.16). But the contrasts of the materials are not high enough. Therefore, we will make improvements; import other electrochromic material
to match our electrochromic materials, make they complement each other. Finally, achieve results with high contrast, good response capability and high transparency.
The other part is the silver nanowires (AgNWs) which has been fully described in the previous section. Although the indium tin oxide (ITO) has occupied most of the market of transparent electrode for its excellent properties in electricity and optics behavior, high cost and brittle property are the crucial problems need to face with.
Thus, AgNWs became one of the candidates for replacing ITO materials due to high ductility, flexibility, and conductivity. In order to prepare flexible and stretchable transparent electrode can be used in electrochromic device, we've done quite a lot of experiments and tests. However, poor redox stability and adhesion properties strike the value of AgNWs in electrochromic system. Thus, we are also seeking a way to solve these problems. Hope one day to completely let AgNWs instead of ITO and become the market mainstream material. Achieve a more convenient and more economical energy costs prepared to face the huge demand in the future.
In order to successfully achieve these objectives as described above, we did the following experiment and discussion.
Scheme 1.16
Figure 1.16 Transparent display material market.301
Figure 1.17 Schematic diagram of transparent display based on OLED with ECD as shutter.
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
$ Millions
Computing and Applications Weareable Applications Retail Applications Applicances
Other Applications
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CHAPTER 2
Highly Transparent to Truly Black
Electrochromic Devices Based on Ambipolar System of Polyamides and Viologen
ABSTRACT
A novel electrochromic device (ECD) based on electroactive ambipolar system has been designed and constructed via the absorption-complementary approach. The system consists of electroactive polyamides (PAs) with N,N,N’,N’-tetraphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (TPPA) and tetraphenylbenzidine (TPB) units in the backbone and heptyl viologen (HV) in the supporting electrolyte. Each of the electrochromic materials (ECMs), including TPPA-PA, TPB-PA and HV, could provide one of three primary colors, respectively, which could be merged into black color. Because of the suitable counter electrode materials used in this study, the overall operating voltage was reduced effectively, thus, the electrochemical stability and life time of ECD could be greatly enhanced. Furthermore, the whole system is completely transparent at neutral or bleaching state, and the transmittance could be reduced to only 6% at the coloring state both in visible and NIR regions. The ECD demonstrates high L* change (ΔL*) of 88.2 and significant transmittance change (ΔT) of 79% in visible region. Thus, by excellent combination of the electrochromic ambipolar system, the genuine „„highly transparent to truly black‟‟ ECD has been fabricated successfully, implying high potential as shutter for applying in transparent displays and related field.