Chapter 7. Financial Plan
7.6. Resource Acquisition
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7.5. Net Present Value
We applied the social discount rate that is the most critical inputs used in cost benefit analysis of public projects, and it is especially relevant when considering projects whose benefits are only apparent over the very long run. We used 7%, which is the estimated for Peru (World Bank, 2008).
Table 9: Net Present Value
7.6. Resource Acquisition
Inti-Power will approach socially-minded investors via the platform known as Ashoka Social Financial Services (http://sfs.ashoka.org/about-sfs). They offer investments to test and refine an idea, build new institutions and change many others. Ashoka's Social Financial Services group tackles the lack of quantity and diversity of financial support needed for social entrepreneurs to succeed. This kind of soft loans charge 5% of interest rate when profitability has been achieved.
Additionally we will explore new forms of fundraising, such as crowdfunding, where social enterprises can aggregate donations and micro-investments from large numbers of supporters via online platforms such as Kiva (http://www.kiva.org), Kickstarter (https://www.kickstarter.com ) and BuzzBnk (https://www.buzzbnk.org).
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FONAM. (2014). Promoting public and private participation in renewable energy projects and strengthening the capacity of FONAM. Lima: National Environment Fund - Peru.
INEI. (2014). Main Indicators. National Institute of Statistics and Information Technology. Lima: INEI.
JICA, Electric Power Development Co, Nippon Koei Co. (2008). Master Plan Study for Rural Electrification by Renewable Energy in the Republic of Peru. Lima: MINAM.
LUTW. (2014). Light Up The World. Retrieved May 21, 2014, from Core components of a low-voltage solar photovoltaic (PV) system:
http://lutw.org/wp-content/uploads/Core-components-of-a-solar-PV-system.pdf
Meier, P., Tuntivate, V., Barnes, D., Bogach, S., & Farchy, D. (2010). Peru: National Survey of Rural Household Energy Use. Washington DC: World Bank.
Ministry of Economy and Finance. (2014). Economic Transparency. Retrieved May 22, 2014, from http://apps5.mineco.gob.pe/transparencia/
Ministry of Energy and Mines. (2007). Technical regulation for Assessing PV Systems and Components for Rural Electrification. Retrieved June 12, 2014, from
http://www.suelosolar.es/IMAGES/electrificacionruralperu.pdf
MIT. (2014). Photovoltaic (PV) Tutorial. Retrieved May 20, 2014, from MIT:
http://web.mit.edu/taalebi/www/scitech/pvtutorial.pdf
Mitsubishi. (2014). Mitsubishi Electric. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from Solar Power:
http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/bu/solar/faq/index.html
OSINERGMIN. (2013, May 30). Access to Energy in Peru: Assessment and Policy Options. Retrieved May 23, 2014, from Osinergmin:
http://www.osinergmin.gob.pe/newweb/pages/Publico/CongresoInternacional/p_30may .html?391
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Wolk, A. (2007). Social Entrepreneurship & Government. RootCause.
World Bank. (2008). Designing Sustainable Off-Grid Rural Electrification Projects:
Principles and Practices. Washington DC: Woorld Bank.
World Bank. (2008). The Social Discout Rate. World Bank. Washington DC: World Bank.
World Bank. (2014). World Development Indicators. Washington DC: World Bank.
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Appendix
Appendix 1. Calculation of the solar photovoltaic energy output
Appendix 2. Annual average daily solar irradiation kWh/m2
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Ayacucho has an average of 5 hours of solar irradiation per day throughout the year.
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Appendix 3. Core components of a low-voltage solar home system.
Source (LUTW, 2014)
Solar PV module/panel
Generates a direct current when exposed to the radiation of the sun.
Solar PV cells convert sunlight directly into electricity. When sunlight interacts with semiconductor materials in the PV cell to free electrons, their movement generates an electrical current. There are three main types of solar PV modules: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous.
Charge controller/regulator
Regulates the cycles of charging and discharging between the battery, solar panel and the devices (i.e. LED lights).
A charge controller/regulator is used to control the Voltage and flow of electricity between the solar PV module, battery, and the loads. The charge controller prevents system damage by ensuring that the battery does not get overcharge by the solar module, does not over-discharge by having the lights turned on too long, and provides protection from the current running backwards to the solar panels. Many charge controllers also provide useful information about the battery’s state of charge.
Battery
Stores energy from the panel and provides power to lights and other devices
A battery is where the energy is stored. A battery is needed for systems when electricity is in demand during times when the sun isn’t shining. It is also important to have in cases where your need more power than you are generating from the solar PV module at a specific point in time.
Appendix 4. Foundations of Photovoltaic Systems Based on (MIT, 2014)
What are Solar Cells?
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Solar cells are thin wafers of silicon similar to computer chips (much bigger much cheaper).
Silicon is abundant (sand) – non-toxic, safe.
Sunlight carries energy into cell.
Cells convert sunlight energy into electric current (they do not store energy.) Sunlight is the “fuel”.
The element Silicon is the second most abundant element on the earth’s surface, next to Oxygen. Silicon and oxygen make together sand (Silicon Oxygen SiO2). The oxygen is removed at high temperatures.
How Solar Cells Change Sunlight Into Electricity?
Light knocks loose electrons from silicon atoms.
Freed electrons have extra energy, or “voltage”.
Internal electric field pushes electrons to front of cell.
Electric current flows onto other cells or to the load.
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Source: (Mitsubishi, 2014)
Particles of light called “photons” bounce into negatively charged electrons around the silicon atoms of the cell, and knock these electrons free from their silicon atoms. The energy of the photon is transferred to the electron. There are over a billion photons falling on the cells every second, to there are lots of electrons knocked loose! Each electron is pushed by an internal electric field that has been created in the factory in each cell. The flow of electrons pushed out of the cell by this internal field is what we call the
“electric current”.
The cells does not “use up” its electrons and loose power, like a battery. It is just a converter, changing one kind of energy (sunlight) into another (flowing electrons). For every electron that flows out the wire connected to the front of a cell, there is another electron flowing into the back from the other return wire. The cell is a part of a “circuit”
(Latin for ”go around”), where the same electrons just travel around the same path, getting energy from the sunlight and giving that energy to the load.
The power of a PV Cell
A PV cell is the basic photovoltaic device that is the building block for PV modules.
All modules contain cells. Some cells are round or square.
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Source: (Mitsubishi, 2014)
One silicon solar cell produces 0.5 volt.
A typical module has 36 cells connected together have enough voltage to charge 12-volt batteries.
A module is the basic building block of systems.
Source: http://www.pveducation.org
36 times 1⁄2 volt yields 18 volts. However, the voltage is reduced, as these cells get hot in the sun and 12-volt batteries typically need about 14 volts for a charge, so the 36-cell module has become the standard of the solar battery charger industry.
When more than 12 volts are needed, more modules can be connected in parallel. They become solar panels (a group of modules).
PV Inverter /converter Fundamentals
Convert battery or PV array DC power to AC power for use with conventional utility-powered appliances. Since the PV array is a dc source, an inverter is required to convert the dc power to normal ac power that is used in our homes and offices. To save energy
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they run only when the sun is up and should be located in cool locations away from direct sunlight.
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Appendix 5. Technical Specifications of Solar Home System Main
Components
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Appendix 6. Quotations (S/.)
Business: Everblue PV Module of 120W
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Business: OMP PV Module of 90W
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Appendix 7. Subsidy Levels for Grid-connected Customers in Selected Countries
Source: (World Bank, 2008)
Subsidies for off-grid populations are justified on social-equity grounds.
It is considered more effective to subsidize access (e.g., the upfront costs) than operating costs.
Subsidy Levels in Selected World Bank Projects
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Appendix 8. Portable Solar Home System
1. Solar Panel: 15W mono-crystalline silicon solar panel with 5m cable 2. SMF leads Acid Battery: 12V12Ah
3. Lamp: 4 pcs super bright 3W LED lamp with 5m cable
4. With USB port to charge mobile phones, MP3, MP4, MP5, etc.
5. Charging time: Around 8-10 hours to charge the battery fully 6. Lighting time: 4pcs 3W/H (240Lm), more than 8.5hours