CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Results
國
立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
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CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, we describe the results of our statistical analysis and discuss the statistically insignificant variables and the managerial implications of our framework.
5.1 Results
In this study, we elected to employ an ANOVA (analysis of variance) to test our hypotheses. We analyzed the differences between the group means for those who intend to adopt the service, have adopted the service, and choose to continue using the service. We tested each service feature separately against the dependent variables to identify the significant ones. (The complete results will be presented in appendices C,D, and E). The results are presented below followed by a discussion of our findings.
5.1 .1 Factors that affect the intention to use the E-health service
First, we discuss the factors that affect the intention to use the e-health service.
We compare the group of individuals who reported their intention to use the service to those who did not. We use the willingness to use the service as our dependent variable.
We model the willingness to use the service using 5 levels: from high willingness to low willingness. We define respondents who selected levels 1 to 3 as individuals who do not intend to use the service and those who selected levels above 3 as having such an intention. The results reveal that among 54 respondents, 17 intend to use the service and 37 people do not (See table 5-1).
Table 5-1 Willingness to use the service
Respondents Percentage
Are willing to use the service 17 31%
Are not willing to use the service 37 69%
The test results are summarized in Table 5-2.
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Table 5-2 Results regarding patients’ intention to use the e-health service
Dependent Variable: Willing to use the service
Variables Measurements Test Results Supported/
Rejected
Variables Measurements Test Results Supported/
Rejected
Social Relationships
Friends and relatives (services) F(1,52)=0.033,p=0.857 Rejected Age Age F(5,98)=32.326,p=0.000 Supported Patient club
F(1,52)=2.300,p=0.135 Rejected Disease Type I and Type II F(1,102)=7.984,p=0.006 Supported
Friends and relatives (devices) F(1,52) =0.365,p=0.549 Rejected Analysis form
The provision of an online
analysis form F(1,52)=4.128,p=0.048 Supported
Professional Suggestion
Introduction by doctors F(1,52)=1.428,p=0.237 Rejected The online analysis form is the
top priority F(1,52)=7.526,p=0.001 Supported
Suggestion by doctors F (1,52)=11.715,p=0.001 Supported Health education information
The provision of health education
information F(1,52)=2.459,p=0.123 Rejected
Trust the medical group F(1,52)=0.268,p=0.607 Rejected Health education is the top
priority F(1,52)=0.308,p=0.581 Rejected
Self-evaluation Internet, newspapers, or
magazines F(1,52)=0.132,p=0.710 Rejected Medical
Information
The provision of medical
information F(1,52)=3.661,p=0.061 Rejected
Price concern F(1,52)=0.061,p=0.805 Rejected Medical information is the top
priority F(1,52)=0.224,p=0.638 Rejected
Functionality F(1,52)=0.051,p=0.821 Rejected
Provision of tele-consulting
F(1,52)=2.611,p=0.112 Rejected
Brand F(1,52)=0.941,p=0.337 Rejected
Health concern F(1,52)=8.530,p=0.005 Supported Frequency
Frequency of service provision
F(3,100)=7.377,p=0.000 Supported
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Table 5-2 Results regarding patients’ intention to use the e-health service
Dependent Variable: Willing to use the service
Variables Measurements Test Results Supported/
Reject
Variables Measurements Test Results Supported/
Rejected
Alarm service The provision of alarm service F(3,50)=3.169,p=0.032 Supported Platform operational satisfaction
Operability. F(3,50)=3.208,p=0.
031 Supported
Alarm service is the top priority F(1,52)=3.524,p=0.666 Rejected Stability. F(3,50)=2.334,p=0.
085 Rejected
Caring Service Provision of caring service
F(1,52)=1.890,p=0.175 Rejected Trustworthiness. F(4,49)=1.303,p=0.
282 Rejected
Platform medical satisfaction
Convenience. F(3,50)=1.022,p=0.391 Rejected Service medical
satisfaction
Sharing of health-related knowledge.
F(3,50)=7.569,p=0.
000 Supported
The control of physical conditions. F(3,50)=1.305,p=0.283 Rejected Timely response. F(4,49)=22.641,p=
0.000 Supported
Medical information. F(3,50)=6.981,p=0.001 Supported Service operational
satisfaction Assistance from telecare service staff.
F(4,49)=11.353,p=
0.000 Supported
Improvement of patients’ measuring habits.
F(4,49)=1.754,p=0.153 Rejected The attitude of
telecare service staff.
F(3,50)=2.319,p=0.
087 Rejected
Improvement of the patient’s health. F(3,50)=3.423,p=0.024 Supported
Platform operational satisfaction
Platform interface. F(3,50)=3.727,p=0.017 Supported
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Table 5-3 summarizes the hypotheses that are supported and rejected.
Table 5-3 results regarding the intention to use the e-health service
By whom What For whom When How
H1a
(Social Relationships) --- rejected
H4a
(Physiological values recorded)
(Platform medical satisfaction) ---supported
H1b (Self-evaluation) ---supported
H4b
(Analysis form) ---supported
H7b (Disease) ---supported
H13ab
(Platform operational satisfaction)
(Health education information) --- rejected
H13ba
(Service medical satisfaction) ---supported
H4d
(Medical Information) --- rejected
H13bb
(Service operational satisfaction) --- rejected
H4e
(Alarm service) ---supported H4f
(Caring Service) --- rejected
5.1 .2 Factors that affect the decision to use thee-health service
Non-adopters are those who have yet to being using the service but may do so in the future, and adopters are those who currently use the service. Our aim is to
determine whether any factor that differs significantly between these two groups.
Table 5-4 reports that 48% of the respondents are adopters and 53% are non-adopters.
Table 5-4 willingness to continue using the service Respondents Percentage
Adopter 50 48%
Non-adopter 54 53%
The test results are summarized in Table 5-5.
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Table 5-5 Results for patients who use the e-health service
Dependent variable: Adoption of e-health service
Variables Measurements Test Results Supported/
Rejected
Variables Measurements Test Results Supported/
Rejected
Social Relationships
Friends and relatives (services) F(1,102)=0.547,p=0.461 Rejected Age Age F(5,98)=32.326,p=0.000 Supported Patient club
F(1,102)=0.265,p=0.608 Rejected Disease Type I and Type II F(1,102)=7.984,p=0.006 Supported
Friends and relatives (devices) F(1,102)=8.090,p=0.005 Supported Analysis form
The provision of an online
analysis form F(1,102)=0.679,p=0.412 Rejected
Professional Suggestion
Introduction by doctors F(1,102)=51.535,p=0.000 Supported
The online analysis form is the
top priority F(1,102)=10.393,p=0.000 Supported
Suggestion by doctors F(1,102)=6.974,p=0.010 Supported Health education information
The provision of health
education information F(1,102)=3.277,p=0.073 Rejected
Trust the medical group F(1,102)=0.191,p=0.663 Rejected
Health education is the top
priority F(1,102)=14.736,p=0.000 Supported
Self-evaluation Internet, newspapers, or
magazines F(1,102)=20.029,p=0.000 Supported Medical Information
The provision of medical
information F(1,102)=26.078,p=0.000 Supported
Price concern F(1,102)=0.219,p=0.640 Rejected
Medical information is the top
priority F(1,102)=10.684,p=0.001 Supported
Functionality F(1,102)=6.769,p=0.011 Supported
Provision of tele-consulting
F(1,102)=26.261,p=0.000 Supported
Brand F(1,102)=5.967,p=0.016 Supported
Health concern F(1,102)=0.957,p=0.331 Rejected Frequency
Frequency of service provision
F(3,100)=7.377,p=0.000 Supported
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Table 5-5 Results for patients who use the e-health service (continued)
Dependent variable: Adoption of e-health service
Variables Measurements Test Results Supported/
Rejected
Variables Measurements Test Results Supported/
Rejected
Alarm service The provision of alarm service F(3,100)=4.532,p=0.005 Supported Platform operational satisfaction
Operability F(3,100)=3.997,p=
0.010
Supported
Alarm service is the top priority F(1,102)=24.692,p=0.000 Supported Stability F(4,99)=2.301,p=0.
064
Rejected
Caring Service Provision of caring service
F(1,102)=2.136,p=0.147 Rejected Trustworthiness F(4,99)=0.987,p=0.
418
Rejected
Platform medical satisfaction
Convenience. F(3,100)=0.555,p=0.646 Rejected Service medical
satisfaction
Sharing of health-related knowledge
F(3,100)=5.360,p=
0.002
Supported
The control of physical conditions F(1,102)=0.939,p=0.425 Rejected Timely response F(4,99)=3.114,p=0.
019
Supported
Medical information F(3,100)=4.210,p=0.008 Supported Service operational
satisfaction Assistance from telecare service staff
F(4,99)=3.361,p=0.
013
Supported
Improvement of patients’ measuring
habits. F(4,99)=0.988,p=0.418 Rejected
Improvement of the patient’s health F(4,99)=3.710,p=0.007 Supported Platform
operational satisfaction
Platform interface F(3,100)=2.234,p=0.089 Rejected
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Table 5-6 summarizes the hypotheses that are supported and rejected.
Table 5-6 results regarding the decision touse the e-health service
By whom What For whom When How
H2a
(Social Relationships) ---supported
H5a
(Physiological values recorded)
--- rejected
(Platform medical satisfaction)
---supported
H2b (Self-evaluation) ---supported
H5b
(Analysis form) ---supported
H8b (Disease)
---supported
H14ab
(Platform operational satisfaction) ---supported
H2c
(Professional suggestion) ---supported
H5c
(Health education information) ---supported
H14ba
(Service medical satisfaction) --- rejected
H5d
(Medical Information) ---supported
H14bb
(Service operational satisfaction) --- rejected
H5e
(Alarm service) ---supported H5f
(Caring Service) --- rejected
5.1. 3 Factors that affect the continued use of the e-health service
We then examine existing users to identify factors that affect their decision to continue using the service. The dependent variable is the willingness to continue using the service and is used to divide the sample into two groups: those who would be willing to continue the service if a fee were charged and those who would not.
Table 5-8 shows that among 50 users, 62% are willing to continue and 38% are not. Table 5-9 presents the results.
Table 5-8 willingness to pay for the service
Respondents Percentage Willing to continue use if
charged
31 62%
Not willing to continue use if charged
19 38%
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Table 5-9 Results for patients who would like to continue using the service
Dependent variable: Willing to continue the service if a fee is charged.
Variables Measurements Test Results Supported/
Rejected
Variables Measurements Test Results Supported/
Rejected
Social Relationships
Friends and relatives (services) F(1,48)=1.258,p=0.268 Rejected Physical data
recorded Recording of physiological
values. is top priority F(1,48)=4.323,p=0.032 Supported Patient club
F(1,48)=1.653,p=0.205 Rejected Analysis form
The provision of an online
analysis form F(1,48)=1.632,p=0.208 Rejected
Friends and relatives (devices) F(1,48)=0.403,p=0.528 Rejected
The online analysis form is
the top priority F(1,48)=5.476,p=0.023 Supported
Professional Suggestion
Introduction by doctors F(1,48)=0.09,p=0.925 Rejected
Suggestion by doctors F(1,48)=0.061,p=0.807 Rejected Health education information
The provision of health
education information F(1,48)=0.504,p=0.481 Rejected
Trust the medical group F(1,48)=0.565,p=0.456 Rejected
Health education is the top
priority F(1,48)=0.230,p=0.633 Rejected
Self-evaluation Internet, newspapers, or
magazines F(1,48)=0.063,p=0.803 Rejected
The provision of medical
information F(1,48)=1.350,p=0.251 Rejected
Price concern F(1,48)=0.343,p=0.561 Rejected Medical
Information
Medical information is the
top priority F(1,48)=0.128,p=0.722 Rejected
Functionality F(1,48)=1.632,p=0.208 Rejected
Provision of tele-consulting
F(1,48)=0.199,p=0.658 Rejected
Brand F(1,48)=0.682,p=0.413 Rejected
Tele-consullting is the top
priority F(1,48)=0.533,p=0.469 Rejected
Health concern F(1,48)=0.43,p=0.836 Rejected
The provision of health
education information F(1,48)=0.608,p=0.439 Rejected
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Table 5-9 The test results of patients who would like to continue the service (continued)
Variables Measurements Test Results Supported/
Rejected
Variables
Measurements
Test Results Supported/
Rejected
Alarm service The provision of alarm service F(3,46)=1.052,p=0.379 Rejected Platform medical satisfaction
Improvement of patients’
measuring habits F(4,45)=3.091,p=0.025 Supported
Alarm service is the top priority F(1,48)=1.632,0.208 Rejected Platform operational satisfaction
Platform interface
F(3,46)=2.525,p=0.069 Rejected
Caring Service
Provision of caring service
F(1,48)=0.682,p=0.413 Rejected Operability F(3,46)=4.179,p=0.011 Supported
Age The age range of e-health service
users. F(4,45)=5.595,p=0.001 Supported Stability F(4,45)=3.291,p=0.019 Supported
Disease The disease type of e-health
service users. F(1,48)=5.851,p=0.019 Supported Trustworthiness F(3,46)=2.256,p=0.094 Rejected
Frequency Frequency of service provision F(2,47)=0.394,p=0.676 Rejected Service medical satisfaction
Sharing of health-related knowledge.
F(3,46)=3.404,p=0.025 Supported
The usage frequency of various
e-health service offerings. F(2,47)=1.241,p=0.298 Rejected Timely response. F(3,46)=1.129,p=0.347 Rejected Platform
medical satisfaction
Convenience F(3,46)=2.269,p=0.093 Rejected Service operational satisfaction
Assistance from telecare service staff.
F(3,46)=3.404,p=0.025 Supported
Improvement of patients’
measuring habits F(3,46)=1.176,p=0.329 Rejected
The control of physical
conditions F(3,46)=2.542,p=0.068 Rejected The attitude of telecare service staff.
F(3,46)=1.646,p=0.179 Supported
Medical information F(3,46)=3.404,p=0.025 Supported
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We summarize the results of our hypothesis tests in the following table (see table 5-10).
Table 5-10 Results of hypothesis tests for continuing users
By whom What For whom When How
H3a (Social Relationships) --- rejected
H6a
(Physiological values recorded)
(Platform medical satisfaction) ---supported
H3b (Self-evaluation) --- rejected
H6b
(Analysis form) ---supported
H9b (Disease) ---supported
H15ab
(Platform operational satisfaction)
(Health education information) --- rejected
H15ba
(Service medical satisfaction) ---supported
H6d
(Medical Information) --- rejected
H15bb
(Service operational satisfaction) ---supported
H6e
(Alarm service) --- rejected H6f
(Caring Service) --- rejected
5.1.4 Summary of our analysis
We summarize the impact of factors across different stages of use in Table 5-11.
We discuss these results further in the following section.
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Table5-11 The summary of impact factors across different stages of use Factors that only
affect the intention stage
Factors that only affect the adoption stage
Factors that only affect the
continued use stage
Factors that affect both intention and
adoption
Factors that affect adoption
and continued use
Factors that affect intention
and continued use
Factors that affect theall three stages
Factors that have no impact across the
three stages
What
-- Alarm service
By Whom --social relations
What
-- Physiological values recorded
By Whom --
Self-evaluation -- Professional suggestion
For whom
-- age
What
-- Analysis form
What
--Caring Service
What -- Frequency
For whom
-- disease
How
-- Platform medical satisfaction
-- Platform operational satisfaction -- Service medical satisfaction
-- Service operational satisfaction