Stimulus Driver on Humans

In September, 2011, the impedance on humans is measured. Fig. 5.02 shows the electrodes in this measurement. The impedance analyzer is Agilent 4294A. The electrode is shown in Fig. 5.02(a) with shaft width 300µm, shaft length 6.5mm, shaft spacing 0.5mm and electrode diameter 100µm. The electrode resistance and

capacitance distribution are shown in Fig. 5.03.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 5.02The electrode implanted on humans (a) the electrodes with PCB to connect the impedance analyzer Agilent 4294A. (b) the implanted electrode diagram.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 5.03 (a) Electrode capacitance distribution. Most electrode capacitances are 100~120nF. (b) Electrode resistance distribution. Most electrode resistances are 60~70kΩ.

References

[1] P. Pechham and J. Kuntson, “Functional electrical stimulation for neuromuscular applications”, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Engineering, vol. 7, pp.

327-360, Aug. 2005.

[2] B. Litt, “Engineering devices to treat epilepsy: a clinical perspective,” in Proc.

IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Societ., 2001, pp. 4124-4128.

[3] B. Litt, “Implantable devices for epilepsy: A clinical perspective,” in Proc.

Second Joint EMBS/BMES Conf., 2002, pp. 2035-2036.

[4] H. Adeli, S. Ghosh-Dastidar, and N. Dadmehr, “A wavelet-chaos methodology for analysis of EEGs and EEG subbands to detect seizure and epilepsy,” IEEE Trans. Biomedical Engineering, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 205-211, Feb. 2007.

[5] H. Gui, Y. Xia, F. Liu, X. Liu, S. Dai, L. Lei, and Y. Wang, “Based on the time-frequency analysis to distinguish different epileptiform EEG signals,” in Proc. ICBBE Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering Conf., 2009, pp. 1-4.

[6] A. Asfour, C. Fiche, and C. Deransart, “Dedicated electronics for electrical stimulation and EEG recording using the same electrodes: application to the automatic control of epileptic seizures by neuro-stimulation,” in Proc.

Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conf., 2007, pp. 1-4.

[7] T. Furukawa, D. Turner, S. Mittl, M. Maloney, R. Serafin, W. Clark, L.

Longenbach, and J. Howard, “Accelerated gate-oxide breakdown in mixed-voltage I/O buffers,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Reliability Physics Symp., 1997, pp, 169-173.

[8] P. Hese, J. Martens, L. Waterschoot, P. Boon, and I. Lemahieu, “Automatic detection of spike and wave discharges in the EEG of genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg,” IEEE Trans. Biomedical Engineering, vol. 56, no. 3, pp.

706-717, Mar. 2009.

[9] I Osorio, Hitten P.Zaveri, Mark G.Frei, and S Arthurs, “Epilepsy: the intersection of neuroscience, biology, mathematics, engineering, and physics,”

CRC press, 2011.

[10] A. Cukiert, C. Forster, J. Buratini, V. Ferreira, and G. Gronich, “Secondary bilateral synchrony due to fronto-mesial lesions. An invasive recording study,”

Arq Neuropsiquiatr, vol. 57, pp. 636-636, Sep. 1999.

[11] G. Cascino, “Epilepsy: contemporary perspectives on evaluation and treatment,” Mayo Clinic Proc., vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 1199-1211, Dec. 1994.

[12] G. Baker, A. Jacoby, D. Buck, C. Stalgis, and D. Monnet, “Quality of life of people with epilepsy: a European study,” Epilepsia, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 353-362, Mar. 1997.

[13] R. D’Ambrosio and J. Miller, “What is an epileptic seizure? Unifying definition in clinical practice and animal research to develop novel treatments,” Epilepsy Curr., vol.10, no. 3, pp. 61-66, May. 2010.

[14] W. Theodore and R. Fisher, “Brain stimulation for epilepsy,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 3 no. 2 pp. 111-118, 2004.

[15] G. Malhi and P. Sachdev, “Novel physical treatments for the management of neuropsychiatric disorders,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 53, pp.

709-719, 2002.

[16] R. Terry, “Vagus nerve stimulation: a proven therapy for treatment of epilepsy strives to improve efficacy and expand applications,” in Proc. International IEEE EMBS Conf., 2009, pp. 4631-4634. Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, 2007, pp. 297-301.

[19] M. D’Alessandro, R. Esteller, G. Vachtsevanos, A. Hinson, J. Echauz, and B.

Litt, “Epileptic seizure prediction using hybrid feature selection over multiple intracranial EEG electrode contacts: a report of four patients,” IEEE Trans.

Biomedical Engineering, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 603-615, May. 2003.

[20] B. Litt, M. D’Alessandro, R. Esteller, J. Echauz, and G. Vachtsevanos,

“Translating seizure detection, prediction and brain stimulation into implantable devices for epilepsy,” in Proc. International IEEE EMBS Conf., 2003, pp. 485-488.

[21] C. Young, C. Hsieh, and H. Wang, “A low-cost real-time closed-loop epileptic seizure monitor and controller,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conf., 2009, pp.1768-1772.

[22] M. Sivaprakasam et al., “Architecture tradeoffs in high-density microstimulators for retinal prosthesis,” IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems:

Part I, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 2629-2641, Dec. 2005.

[23] C. Merrill, M. Jonsson, L. Minthon, H. Ejnell, H. Silander, K. Blennow, M.

Karlsson, A. Nordlund, S. Rolstad, S. Warkentin, E. Ben-Menachem, and M.

Sjogren, “Vagus nerve stimulation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease:

additional follow-up results of a pilot study through 1 year,” J. Clin Psychiatry, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 1171-1178, Aug. 2006.

[24] K. Chen, Z. Yang, L. Hoang, J. Weiland, M. Humayun, and W. Liu, “An integrated 256-channel epiretinal prothesis,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.

45, no. 9, pp. 1946-1956, 2010.

[25] H. Chun, T. Lehmann, and Y. Yang, “Implantable stimulator for bipolar stimulation without charge balancing circuits,” in Proc. Biomedical Circuit and System Conf., 2010, pp. 202-205.

[26] C. Young, S. Liang, D. Chang, Y. Liao, F. Shaw, and C. Hsieh, “A portable wireless online closed-loop seizure controller in freely moving rats,” IEEE Trans. Instrumentation and Measurement, 2010.

[27] M. Ghovanloo and K. Najafi, “A compact large voltage-compliance high output-impedance programmable current source for implantable microstimulators,” IEEE Trans. Biomedical Engineering, vol. 52, no. 1, pp.

97-105, Jan. 2005.

[28] M.-D. Ker, S.-L. Chen, and C.-S. Tsai, “Design of charge pump circuit with consideration of gate-oxide reliability in low-voltage CMOS processes,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1100-1107, May 2006.

[29] T. Constandinou, J. Georgiou, and C. Toumazou, “A partial-current-steering biphasic stimulation driver for vestibular prostheses,” IEEE Trans. Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 106-113, Jun. 2008.

[30] M. Sivaprakasam, W. Liu, M. Humayun, and J. Weiland, “A variable range bi-phasic current stimulus driver circuitry for an implantable retinal prosthetic device,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 763-771, Mar. 2005.

[31] S. Guo and H. Lee, “Biphasic-current-pulse self-calibration techniques for monopolar current stimulation,” in Proc. IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2009, pp. 61-64.

[32] A. Umezawa, S. Atsumi, M. Kuriyama, H. Banba, K. Imamiya, K. Naruke, S.

Yamada, E. Obi, M. Oshikiri, T. Suzuki, and S. Tanaka, “A 5-V-only operation 0.6-µm flash EEPROM with row decoder scheme in triple-well structure,”

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 1540-1546, Nov. 1992.

[33] S. Ethier, M. Sawan, E. Aboulhamid, and M. El-Gamal, “A ±9V fully integrated CMOS electrode driver for high-impedance microstimulation,” in Proc. IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009, pp. 192-195.

[34] G. Rincon-Mora and P. Allen, “A low-voltage, low quiescent current, low drop-out regulator,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 33, no. 1, pp.36-44, Jan.

1998.

[35] S. Hoon, J. Chen, and F. Maloberti, “An improved bandgap reference with high power supply rejection,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2002, pp. 833-836.

[36] G. Palumbo and D. Pappalardo, “Charge pump circuits: an overview on design strategies and topologies,” IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 31-45, Mar. 2010.

Vita

Publication

[1] Y.-C. Huang, M.-D. Ker, and C.-Y. Lin, “Design of Negative High Voltage Generator for Biphasic Stimulator with SoC Integration Consideration”, in Proc.

IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conf., 2012.