• 沒有找到結果。

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Suggestion for Future Research

The findings of the study suggest areas for future research. Researchers should give particular attention to the different statement between teachers and students. Qualitative studies, in particular, may provide greater insights into why students hold certain attitudes.

Additionally, a study could be conducted to find out the reason why students find strategies related to promoting learner autonomy so motivational. It would also to be interesting to gather data from students to find out what teachers can do to enhance their motivation by using the strategies.

Based on the difference in ranking between this study and the other studies, it would also be interesting to find out why teachers from each country ranked that same conceptual domain so differently. Ethnographic methods or discourse analysis may yield important information about the role of teachers in various cultures.

Additionally, future studies should gather data from students and teachers with broader scope.

Having data from more students and more teachers would give a larger sample size resulting in a more accurate representation of student and teacher perceptions.

Finally, scholars should compare the results of different language groups. It would be interesting to know if a student learning Chinese finds different teaching practices motivational from a student learning English. If there are differences between students studying different languages, then teachers of particular language learning groups would know which teaching

practices to emphasize in their classrooms. If, on the other hand, future studies reveal no differences, then the results could support the current study and really show teachers what teaching practices they can concentrate on in order to increase student motivation.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

REFERENCES

Benson, P. (2000). Autonomy as a learners’ and teachers’ right. In B. Sinclair, I. McGrath and T.

Lamb (Eds.) Learner Autonomy, Teacher Autonomy: Future Directions (pp. 111-117).

London: Longman.

Bernaus, M., & Gardner, C. Robert (2008). Teacher motivation strategies, student perceptions, student motivation, and English achievement. The Modern Language Journal, 92, iii, 387-401.

Brown, H.D. (2001). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (2nd ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman.

Brown, H.D. (2004). Teaching by Principles. NJ: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs

Chen, J. F., Warden, C. A., & Chang, H.-T. (2005). Motivators that do not motivate: The case of Chinese EFL learners and the influence of culture on motivation. TESOL Quarterly, 39, 609–633.

Cheng, H.-F., & Dornyei, Z. (2007). The use of motivational strategies in language instruction: The case of EFL teaching in Taiwan. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1, 153–174.

Crookes, G., & Schmidt, R. W. (1991). Motivation: Reopening the research agenda. Language Learning: A Journal of Applied Linguistics, 41, 469-512.

Csizer, K., & Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The internal structure of language learning motivation and its relationship with language choice and learning effort. The Modern Language Journal,

89, 19-36.

Covington, M.V. (1998). The will to learn: A Guide for Motivating Young People. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press

Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior.

New York: Plenum.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Deci, E.L., Vallerand, R.J, Pelletier, L.G, & Ryan, R.M. (1991). Motivation in education: The s elf-determination. The Educational Psychologist, 26, 325-346

Dörnyei, Z. (1994). Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom. Modern

Language Journal, 78, 273-284.

Dörnyei, Z. (2001a). Teaching and Researching Motivation. Harlow: Longman.

Dörnyei, Z. (2001b). Motivational strategies in the foreign language classroom. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Dörnyei, Z. (2003). Attitudes, orientation, and motivations in language learning: Advances in theory, research, and applications. Language Learning, 53, 3-32.

Dörnyei, Z., & Csizér, K. (1998). Ten commandments for motivating language learners: Results of an empirical study. Language Teaching Research, 2, 203-229.

Dörnyei, Z., & Cl´ement, R. (2001). Motivational characteristics of learning different target languages: Results of a nationwide survey.

Dörnyei & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Motivation and second language acquisition (pp. 399–432). Honolulu:

The University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.

Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.

Gardner, R.C., & Tremblay, P. F. (1994). On motivation, research agendas and theoretical frameworks. Modern Language Journal, 78, 359-368

Good, T. L., & Brophy, J. E. (2003). Looking in classroom (9th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.

Guilloteaux, M., & Dörnyei, Z. (2008). Motivating language learners: A classroom-oriented investigation of the effects of motivational strategies on student motivation. TESOL

Quarterly 42, 1, 55-77.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Ho, J. and Crookall, D. (1995) Breaking with Chinese cultural traditions: learner autonomy in English language teaching. System 23 (2), 235_243.

Kamada, L.D. (1987). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation learning processes: Why Japanese can’t speak English. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 285 408)

Lightbown, P & Spada, N (1993). How Languages Are Learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Littlewood, W. (1996) ‘Autonomy’: an anatomy and a framework. System 24(4): 427–35.–––– 1999:

Defining and developing autonomy in East Asian contexts. Applied Linguistics 20(1):

71–94.

Nakata, Y. (2011) Teachers’ readiness for promoting learner autonomy: A study of Japanese EFL high school teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education 27: 900–910

Oxford, R. L., & Shearin, J. (1994). Language learning motivation: Expanding the theoretical framework. Modern Language Journal, 78, 12–28.

Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (2002). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and

applications (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Ryan, S. (2006). Language learning motivation within the context of globalisation: An L2 self within an imagined global community. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 3, 23-45.

Schmidt, R., Boraie, D. and Kassabgy, O. (1996) Foreign language motivation: Internal structure and external connections. In R.L. Oxford (ed.) Language Learning Motivation:

Pathways to the New Century (pp. 9_70). Honolulu, HI: The University of Hawaii,

Second Language & Curriculum Center.

Scarcella, R.C., & Oxford, R. (1992). The tapestry of language learning. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.

Schulz, R. A. (2001). Cultural differences in student and teacher perceptions concerning the role of grammar instruction and corrective feedback: USA–Colombia. Modern Language

Journal, 85, 244–258.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Spada, N., & Frohlich, M. (1995). COLT Communicative Orientation of Language Teaching

observation scheme: Coding conventions and applications. Sydney, Australia:

Macquarie University, National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research.

Spolsky, B. (1989). Conditions for second language learning. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

van Lier, L. (1996). Interaction in the language curriculum: Awareness, autonomy, and authenticity.

London: Longman.

Williams, M & Burden, R. (1997). Psychology for Language Teachers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.