Chapter 6 Appendixes
6.2 Supplementary material of Chapter 5
The supplementary figures are provided to support the results presented in the chapter 5. Figure B1 shows the epicenter of the 2010 Jiashian earthquake and distribution of seismic stations in Europe (EU) and Australia (AU) and recorded vertical velocity seismograms used in our BP study. Figure B2 are the corresponding synthetic waveforms computed by the frequency-wavenumber (F-K) method assuming a single or two subevents models for the Jiashian earthquake. Figure B3 shows the P- and S-wave velocity structures near the Jiashian and Meinong epicenters obtained from a 3D local tomography model.
We performed stress inversion of regional focal mechanisms as the alternative approximations on receiver fault geometry for Coulomb stress change analysis. The stress inversion results of Southern Central Mountain range and Tainan clusters are shown in Figure B4. In Chapter 5, we proposed a JSMN fault as the causative fault for the Jiashian and Meinong doublet events and calculate the b-value and Coulomb stress change. The alternative assumption is that the Jiashian and Meinong earthquakes were two different fault rupture events. The fault geometries of two earthquakes are from the USGS MT solutions as shown in Figure B7c. Figure B5 shows the earthquake numbers and temporal b-value variations in the Jiashian, Meinong fault areas, the Southern Central Mountain Range and the Tainan area.
Figure B6 shows the Coulomb stress change based on the two-separated fault assumption for further comparison with the results from single causative fault of Jiashian and Meinong earthquakes (Figure 5.8c&d). We also like to examine how the 2010 Jiashian earthquake cause the stress perturbations on the SCM or TN receiver
faults. Although the 2010 Jiashian earthquake did not trigger aftershocks immediately in the south central mountain range like Meinong earthquake did, the event numbers did increase during 2010~2011 in SCM area (Figure B7). As the SCM cluster area, the Coulomb stress changes induced by the Jiashian earthquake are also positive for either fault planes as shown in Figure B7. We also found the increase of stress change
induced by Jiashian is actually larger than by Meinong earthquakes (Figure 5.8 &
Figure B7). However, more studies are necessary to understand the reason why the Meinong earthquake triggered more SCM aftershocks and took much shorter time than Jiashian earthquake did (Figure B5c). As the TN cluster, not like Meinong earthquake, the Jiashian earthquake induce much less stress perturbation on the TN receiver fault and failed to trigger the TN cluster like the Meinong earthquake did (Figure 5.8b &
Figure B7).
Figure B1 The seismic arrays and aligned P waves used for the BP images of 2010 Jiashian earthquake.
(a) The epicenter of 2010 Jiashian earthquake and seismic stations from the European (EU) and Australian (AU) used in our BP rupture imaging. (b)-(c) Vertical velocity seismograms recorded at the EU and AU stations, respectively, plotted as a function of epicentral distance. The waveforms are aligned on the first P arrivals at zero time. The red lines mark the arrival times of pP and sP phases predicted by IASP91 model. The green traces at the bottom are the stacks of the aligned waveforms from each array.
Figure B2 Synthetic velocity seismograms for comparison with the observed ones shown in Figure 5.4 Synthetic waveforms calculated by using FK method and USGS MT solution with (a) single and (b) two subevents. The epicenter of the second subevent is assumed by setting the rupture direction, speed and distance from the BP imaging and directivity analysis results. The pink short lines denote the peaks of second subevent. The arrivals of pP and sP phases from first subevent are marked with the short blue and green lines.
Figure B3 1D average velocity models and tomographic images along the ray paths of P and depth phases.
(a) Map showing the surface projection of P-wave ray paths to the EU (blue) and AU (magenta) array from the hypocenters of Jiashian and Meinong earthquakes. The epicenters (stars) and focal mechanisms of Jiashian and Meinong earthquakes are also shown. Vertical cross sections which P- and S-wave velocity (Vp and Vs) structures from Huang et al. (2014) are shown in (c)-(f). (b) Comparison of the 1-D Vp and Vs structures at 0-60 km depth, obtained from the IASP91, laterally-average local model of Huang et al. (2014), and our study that matches the observed pP-P and sP-P differential times of
Meinong earthquake (Jian et al.,2017). (c)-(f) Cross-sections of Vp and Vs structures along A-D profiles, where the ray paths of pP and sP waves to the EU and AU array are shown with the corresponding green and blue lines.
Figure B4 The stress inversion results.
The stress inversion for aftershock clusters of (a) Southern Central Mountain Range and (b) Tainan. The open circles represent the input P- (blue) and T-axes (red) of regional focal mechanisms. The resultant P- and T-axes are denoted by solid blue square and red circles, respectively. The thick magenta lines are the fault planes corresponding to the resultant P-,T-axes. The blue, red and black dots are 2000 random P-,T- and B- axes picked by the Monte-Carlo method for the purpose showing 95% confidence level.
Figure B5 The earthquake numbers and temporal b-value variation.
The b-value (circles), Mc (invert triangle) and earthquake numbers (bar) as a function of time in (a) Jiashian earthquake, (b) Meinong earthquake, (c) Southern Central Mountain and (d) Tainan areas. For the assumption of two different causative faults of 2010 Jiashian and 2016 Meinong earthquakes, the corresponding fault geometries of two events are illustrated in Figure B6a. The symbols and
explanations are the same as those in the Figure 5.7.
Figure B6 The 3D sketch of two causative faults for Jiashian and Meinong doublets and the Coulomb stress change induced by two earthquakes.
(a) The 3D sketch of the fault geometries based on the assumption that two earthquake occurred on two separated fault planes (denoted as JSFT and MNFT). The Coulomb stress change on (b) the MNFT induced by 2010 Jiashian earthquake and (c) the JSFT induced by 2016 Meinong earthquake. The symbols and explanations are the same as those in the Figure 5.8.
Figure B7 The 3D sketch of JSMN fault or two-separated faults and the Coulomb stress change across the SCM and TN fault areas induced by 2010 Jiashian earthquake.
The 3D sketch of Jiashian fault geometry based on the assumption that Jiashian and Meinong occurred on (a) a single causative fault ( JMFT) or (c) two separated faults (denoted as JSFT and MNFT). (b)&(d) The cross-sections of Coulomb stress change across the SCM (CC’) and TN (DD’) fault area after 2010 Jiashian earthquake with the fault geometries shown in (a) and (c) respectively. The symbols and explanations are the same as those in the Figure 5.8.
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