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立 政 治 大 學
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are useful and important, and I will try to use those materials along with the
original script I got to make a news story that covers different angles of facts.”
(B)
Table 3. Different performance at initial status
Journalists Performance during initial status
A Spends more time in definition, representation, and logic organization Spends more time in searching other material while being not sure which is suitable to use.
B Spends less time in definition, representation, and logic organization Spends less time in searching for all textual materials online, important ones only.
II. Target status
In forming possible solutions before putting into actions, differences do exist
(see Table 4).
Journalist A tends to spend longer time in referring to all online news text. A
also tends to spend longer time in order to try to come up with a logical reporting
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國立 政 治 大 學
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order and in deciding what materials, both videos and texts, to use to report the news.
“On the Internet there may be a lot of news reports on the same issue
your are dealing with. So I tend to refer to all those news text to try to come up
with some good ways of putting all those information together. This is the
hardest part for me because there is a lot of information, and I need to come up
with a very logical way of reporting this news. So I usually spend more time on
writing and checking the orders of my writings to see if this is logical. I usually
come up with several orders of reporting to see which one makes sense. Also,
during the writing the process, I have to come up with ideas of what bites to
use, what footages and which scenes of the footages to use. So while writing
Chinese scripts, I have to go back and forth to check whether the videos and
bites are enough and good. This also takes me a lot of time to deal with. ” (A)
On the contrary, Journalist B tends to spend less time in referring to online texts,
which B thinks to be important and useful, and has the tendency of spending less time
in coming up with a logical reporting order. Moreover, B tends to spend less time in
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國立 政 治 大 學
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choosing what materials, both videos and texts to be used and in planning for
solutions.
“What should be covered in the news story is usually pretty clear and
simple to catch. I usually have a sense of logic on ways of reporting the news
after reading and viewing the scripts and footages. And after going over all the
materials, I usually know what to use. I do search for online news texts as well.
But I only refer to them for confirmation. Some parts of news need to be used
and I need to make sure they are correct. Also, I have the habit of writing down
time codes, numbers, and names and locations, and I also make notes to myself.
So I think this habit helps me in forming solutions a lot faster and easier without
being confused by it.” (B)
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國立 政 治 大 學
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N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Table 4. Different performance at target status
Journalists Performance at target status
A Spends more time to refer to online news text to choose appropriate segments to use
Spends longer time in forming a logical reporting order Spends more time in deciding what materials to use
B Spends less time in referring to online news text to choose appropriate segments to use
Spends less time in forming a logical reporting order Spends less time in deciding what materials to use
Differences in terms of problem solving strategy
In terms of the difference of problem solving strategy, A tends to spend more
time in monitoring the news during every stage of the news production, whereas B
tends to be efficient in controlling time to manage the structure and composition of
the news story. That is, B is inclined to have better surveillance ability on examining
and fixing details (see Table 5). Moreover, frequencies of proofreading and fixing
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國立 政 治 大 學
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through writing texts and voice covering were also recorded. Based on the notes, A
has the tendency of re-writing and re-covering the voice of the news frequently. On
the contrary, B tends to have a low frequency of re-writing and re-covering the voice
of the news (see Table 6).
Table 5. Difference in terms of problem solving strategy
Journalists Difference in terms of problem solving strategy
A Has weaker ability in monitoring all possible details
B Has relatively stronger ability in monitoring all possible details
Table 6. Difference on frequency of proofreading
Journalists Difference on frequency of proofreading:
Wording Voice covering
A 21.8 times (Avg.) 21 times (Avg.)
B 14 times (Avg.) 12 times (Avg.)
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國立 政 治 大 學
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Differences of knowledge structures
Literature suggested that knowledge structures help foster familiarity with
situations and memory, help better representations of important features, and help
access to previous solutions of problems. Therefore, this study aims at exploring the
discrepancy that differentiates novice journalist of international news from expert
journalists in terms of knowledge structures.