in wild type.
In addition to EFG1 and CAERG1, there were C. albicans partial hxt6 gene for galactose/glucose transporter, C. albicans estrogen-binding protein gene (EBP1), and pyruvate kinase homologue. Other included homologues of Homo sapiens regulator of G protein signaling 10 mRNA,
Homo sapiens serine/threonine kinase 24 (Ste 20, yeast homologue), Gadus morhua microsatellite Gmo36 sequence, Homo sapiens sodium
channel beta 2 sequence, Arabidopsis thaliana DNA chromosomes, Homosapiens hypothetical protein FLJ13149, Homo sapiens clone hRPK.36_A_1,
and Homo sapiens MAX dimerization protien (MAD) mRNA (Table 3).These may contribute to the regulation of the virulence.
Reference
1. Diatchenko, L., S. Lukyanov, Y. F. Lau, P. D. Siebert. “Suppression subtractive hybridization: a versatile method for identifying differentially expressed genes.” Methods Enzymol, 303, pp.349-80, 1999.
2. Diatchenko, L., Y. F. C. Lau, A. P. Campbell, A. Chenchik, F. Moqadam, B. Huang, S. Lukyanov, K. Lukyanov, N. Gurskaya, E. D. Sverdlov, P. D.
Siebert. “Suppression subtractive hybridization: A method for generating differentially regulated or tissue-specific cDNA probes and libraries.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, Issue 12, pp.6025-6030, Jun 1996.
3. Hedrick, S. M., D. I. Cohen, E. L. Nielsen, and M. M. Davis. “Isolation of cDNA clones encoding T cell-specific membrane-associated proteins”
Nature 308, pp.149-153. Mar 1984
4. Hara, E., T. Kato, S. Nakada, S. Sekiya, and K. Oda. “Subtractive cDNA cloning using oligo(dT)30-latex and PCR: isolation of cDNA clones specific to undifferentiated human embryonal carcinoma cells.” Nucleic Acids Res 19, pp. 7097-104. Dec 1991.
5. Duguid, J. R., and M. C. Dinauer. “Library subtraction of in vitro cDNA libraries to identify differentially expressed genes in scrapie infection.”
Nucleic Acids Res 18, pp. 2789-92. May 1990.
6. Sargent, T. D., and I. B. Dawid. “Differential gene expression in the gastrula of Xenopus laevis.” Science 222, pp.135-9. Oct 1983.
7. Davis, M. M.. “Cell-type-specific cDNA probes and the murine I region:
the localization and orientation of Ad alpha.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 81, pp.2194-8, April 1984.
8. Lisitsyn, N., N. Lisitsyn, and M. Wigler. “Cloning the differences between two complex genomes.“ Science, 259, pp. 946-51, Feb 1993.
9. Hubank, M., and D. G. Schatz. “Identifying differences in mRNA expression by representational difference analysis of cDNA.” Nucleic Acids Res, 22, pp. 5640-8, Dec 1994.
10. Liang, P., and A. B. Pardee. “Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction.” Science, 257, pp. 967-71, Aug 1992.
11. Welsh, J., K. Chada, S. S. Dalal, R. Cheng, D. Ralph, and M.
McClelland. “Arbitrarily primed PCR fingerprinting of RNA.” Nucleic Acids Res, 20, pp. 4965-70, Oct 1992.
12. Bauer, D., et al., PCR Methods and Applications, Supplement, pp.
S97-S108, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, Plainview, New York, 1994.
13. Sompayrac, L., S. Jane, T. C. Burn, D. G. Tenen, K. J. Danna.
“Overcoming limitations of the mRNA differential display technique.”
Nucleic Acids Res, 23, pp. 4738-9, Nov 1995.
14. Bertioli, D. J., U. H. Schlichter, M. J. Adams, P. R. Burrows, H. H.
Steinbiss, J. F. Antoniw. “An analysis of differential display shows a
strong bias towards high copy number mRNAs.” Nucleic Acids Res, 23, pp.
4520-3, Nov 1995
15. Lukyanov, K. A., G. A. Launer, V. S. Tarabykin, A. G. Zaraisky, S. A.
Lukyanov. “Inverted terminal repeats permit the average length of amplified DNA fragments to be regulated during preparation of cDNA libraries by polymerase chain reaction.” Anal Biochem, 229, pp. 198-202, Aug 1995.
16. Chenchik, A., L. Diachenko, F. Moqadam, V. Tarabykin, S. Lukyanov, P.
D. Siebert. “Full-length cDNA cloning and determination of mRNA 5' and 3' ends by amplification of adaptor-ligated cDNA.” Biotechniques, 21, pp.
526-34, Sep 1996.
17. Siebert P. D., A. Chenchik, D. E. Kellogg, K. A. Lukyanov, S. A.
Lukyanov. “An improved PCR method for walking in uncloned genomic DNA” Nucleic Acids Res, 23, pp. 1087-8, Mar 1995.
18. Chenchik, A., et al, P. Krieg ed., In A Laboratory Guide to RNA:
Isolation, Analysis, and Synthesis, pp. 273-321, Wiley, New York, 1996.
19. Sheibani, N., and W. A. Frazier. “Miniprep DNA Isolation for Automated Sequencing of Multiple Samples” Ana Biochem, 250, pp.
117-119, July 1997
20. Sambrook, J. et al., Molecular Cloning, Second Edition, pp. 5.3-5.32, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989.
21. Sambrook, J. et al, Molecular Cloning, Second Edition, pp. 6.16-6.17, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989.
22. Cutler, J. E.. “Putative virulence factors of Candida albicans” Annu Rev Microbiol, 45, pp. 187-218, 1991.
23. Ganesan, K., A. Banerjee, A. Datta. “Molecular cloning of the secretory acid proteinase gene from Candida albicans and its use as a species-specific probe” Infect Immun, 59, pp. 2972-7, Sep 1991
24. Gillum, A. M., E. Y. Tsay, D. R. Kirsch. “Isolation of the Candida albicans gene for orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase by complementation of S. cerevisiae ura3 and E. coli pyrF mutations” Mol Gen Genet, 198, pp. 179-82, 1984
25. Lo, H. J., J. R. Kohler, B. DiDomenico, D. Loebenberg, A. Cacciapuoti, G. R. Fink. “Nonfilamentous C. albicans mutants are avirulent” Cell, 90, pp.
939-49, Sep 1997.
26. Braun, B. R., and A.D. Johnson. “TUP1, CPH1 and EFG1 make independent contributions to filamentation in Candida albicans.” Genetics, 155, pp. 57-67, May 2000.
27. Tsarfaty, I., H. Sandovsky-Losica, L. Mittelman, I. Berdicevsky, E.
Segal. “Cellular actin is affected by interaction with Candida albicans.”
FEMS Microbiology Letters, 189, pp. 225-232, 2000.
28. MaCullough, M. J., B. C. Ross, P. C. Reade. “Candida albicans: a reviw of its history, taxonomy, epidemiology, virulence attributes, and methods of strain differentiation.” Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 25, pp.136-144, 1996.
29. Asakura, K., S. Iwaguchi, M. Momma, T. Sukai, K. Higashide, K.
Tanakak. “Electrophoretic karyotypes of clinically isolated yeast of Candida
albicans and C. glabrata.” J Gen Microbiol 137, pp.2531-8, 1991.
30. Yang, Y. L.. “Virulence factors of Candida species.” J. Microbiol Immunol Infect, 36, pp. 223-228, 2003.
31. Ghannoum, M, K. Asu-Elteen. “Correlative relationship between proteinase production, adherence and pathogenicity of various strains of
Candida albicans.” J Med Vet Mycol, 24, pp.407-13, 1986.
32. Ghezzi, M. C., M. Trancassini, P. Cipriant, C. Mancini, M. I. Brenciaglia.
“Comparison between adherence of C. albicans and Candida spp. to human epithelial cells.” Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 65, pp.436-9, 1986.
33. Liu, H., J. Köhler, G. R. Fink. “Suppression of hyphal formation in
Candida albicans by mutation of a STE12 homolog.” Science, 266,
pp.1723-6.199434. Kron, S. J., N. A. Gow. “Budding yeast morphogenesis: signalling, cytoskeleton and cell cycle.” Curr Opin Cell Biol, 7, pp.845-55, 1995.
35. Hazen, K. C.. “Participation of yeast cell surface hydrophobicity in adherence of Candida albicans to human epithelial cells.” Infect Immun, 57, pp.1894-1900, 1989.
36. Leberer, E., K. Ziegelbauer,A. Schmidt,D. Harcus,D. Dignard,J. Ash,L.
Johnson,D. Y. Thomas “Virulence and hyphal formation of Candida albicans require the Ste20p-like protein kinase CaCla4p.” Curr Biol, 8, pp.539-46, 1997.
37. Phan, O. T., P. H. Belanger, S. G. Filler. “Role of hyphal formation in interactions of Candida albicans with endothelial cells.” Infect Immun, 68, pp.3485-90, 2000.
38. Antley, P. P., K. C. Hazen. “Role of yeast cell growth temperature on Candida albicans virulence in mice. Infect Immun, 11, pp.2884-90, 1988.
39. Hazen, B. W., K. C. Hazen. “Dynamic expression of cell surface hydrophobicity during initial yeast cell growth and before germ tube formation of Candida albicans.” Infect Immun, 9, pp.2521-5, 1988.
40. Hazen, K. C., J. G. Lay, B. W. Hazen, R. C. Fu, S. Murthy. “Partial biochemical characterization of cell surface hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of Candida albicans.” Infect Immun, 11, pp.3469-76, 1991.
41. Calderone, R. A., P. C. Brawn. “Adherence and receptor relationships of Candida albicans.” Microbiol Rev, 55, pp.1-20, 1991.
42. Filler, S. G., A. S. Pfunder, B. J. Spellberg, J. P. Spellberg, J. E.
Edwards, JR. “Candida albicans stimulates cytokine production and leukocyte adhesion molecule expression by endothelial cells.” Infect Immun 64: 2609-17, 1996.
43. Gale, C. A., C. M. Bendel, M. McClellan, M. Hauser, J. M. Becker, J.
Berman, M. K. Hostetter. “Linkage of adhesion, filamentous growth, and
virulence in Candida albicans to a single gene, INT1.” Science, 279, pp.1355-8, 1998.
44. Macdonald, F., F. C. Odds. “Inducible proteinase of Candida albicans in diagnostic serology and in the pathogenesis of systemic candidosis.” J Med Microbiol, 129, pp.431-8, 1980.
45. Portillo, F., C. Gancedo. “Purification and properties of three intracellular proteinases from Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta, 881, pp.229-35, 1986.
46. Remold, H., H. Fasold, F. Staib. “Purification and characterization of a proteolytic enzyme from Candida albicans.” Biochim Biophys Acta, 167, pp.399-406, 1968.
47. Ruchel, R.. “Properties of a purified proteinase from the yeast Candida
albicans.” Biochim Biophys Acta. 659, pp.99-113, 1981.
48. De Bernardis, F., S. Arancia, L. Morelli,B. Hube,D. Sanglard,W.
Schafer,A. Cassone. “Evidence that members of the secretory aspartyl proteinase gene family, in particular SAP2, are virulence factors for
Candida vaginitis.” J Infect Dis, 179, pp.201-8, 1999.
49. Kerridge, D., R. O. Nicholas. “Drug resistance in the opportunistic pathogens Candida albicans and Candida glabrata.” J Antimicrob Chemother, 18, Suppl B, pp.39-49, 1986.
50. Ernst, J. F., 2000 “Transcription factors in Candida albicans – environmental control of morphogenesis” Microbiology (2000), 146, 1763–1774
51. Clontech “Clontech PCR-Select cDNA Subtraction Kit User Manual”