This chapter presented data analysis and findings of each hypothesis in this study.
Sample Profile
The demographic information in descriptive statistics were collected from 2430 people.
The descriptive statistics describes location, gender and age.
The demographic information in descriptive statistics were collected from 2430 people.
The descriptive statistics describes location, gender and age.
Location
Demographic analysis showed the sample located in the following regions: Central FO – 26%, North Western FO – 8.1 %, Volga FO – 22.8 %, South FO – 10.4%, North Caucasian FO – 5.6%, Ural FO – 8.5%, Siberian FO – 13.6%, Far East FO – 4.9%. The majority of the sample live in Central FO and Volga FO.
Gender
Among the 2430 participants, there were 1037 male participants (42.7%) and 1393 female participants (57,3 %), so the majority of participants were female.
Age
Based on the descriptive statistics among the 2430 participants most of the participants in this study were people from 21 to 40 years old.
Table 4.1.
Distribution of Sample on Age
Age group Frequency Percent Valid
Percent
Cumulative Percent
Before 20 years old 104 4.3 4.3 4.3
21-40 years old 944 38.8 38.8 43.1
41-60 years old 755 31.1 31.1 74.2
61-70 years old 349 14.4 14.4 88.6
Above 70 years old 278 11.4 11.4 100.0
Total 2430 100.0 100.0
Education Level
Based on the descriptive statistics among the 2430 participants most of responders had from 12 to 16 years of full-time education.
Table 4.2.
Distribution of Sample on Years of Full-time Education Completed
Age group Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent less than 8 years of full-time
education 33 5.5 5.5 5.5
from 9 to 11 549 22.6 22.6 28.1
from 12 to 16 1571 64.7 64.7 92.7
above 17 177 7.3 7.3 100
Total 2430 100 100
Association between Variables
Correlation analysis was conducted to understand the association between variables.
Citizenship of Russia negatively correlates with attitude towards migrants (r=-.06, p<0.01). This result is consistent with the negative association hypothesized.
Belonging to minority ethnic group positively correlates with attitude towards migrants (r=.10, p<0.01).
Belonging to majority ethnic group negatively correlates with desire of people to allow many immigrants of same race/ethnic group as majority (attitude towards migrants) (r=-.05, p<0.05) This result is not consistent with the association hypothesized. Belonging to majority ethnic group negatively correlates with desire of people to allow many immigrants of different race/ethnic group from majority (r=-.13, p<0.01).
Origin of parents (if father was born in Russia) positively correlates with desire of people to allow many/few immigrants of same race/ethnic group as majority (attitude towards migrants) (r=.11, p<0.01), with desire of people to allow many/few immigrants of different race/ethnic group from majority (attitude towards migrants) (r=.10, p<0.01), with perception of people if immigration bad or good for country’s economy (attitude towards migrants) (r=.07, p<0.01), perception of people if country’s cultural life undermined or enriched by immigrants (r=.10, p<0.01) and perception of people about if immigrants make country worse or better place to live (attitude towards migrants) (r=.08, p<0.01).
Gender shows no correlation with independent and dependent variables. Age negatively correlates with attitude towards migrants (r=-.12, p<0.01).
Table 4.3 Correlation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Allow many immigrants of same race/ethnic group as majority
2 Allow many immigrants of different race/ethnic group from majority
.65**
3 Immigration good for Russia's economy .31** .44**
4 Russia's cultural life enriched by immigrants .33** .48** .61**
5 Immigrants make Russia better place to live .32** .47** .63** .70**
6 Attitude towards migrants .54** .67** .83** .86** .86**
7 How emotionally attached to Russia .14** .04 .09** .03 .01 .06**
8 Citizen of country -.04 -.07** -.04* -.05* -.03 -.06** .11**
9 Belong to minority .05* .13** .07** .11** .09** .10** -.05* -.13**
10 Gender .02 .03 -.02 -.01 -.01 .00 .03 .04 -.06**
11 Age of respondent. calculated -.03 -.11** -.14** -.09** -.09** -.12** .20** .06** -.07** .18**
12 Father born in Russia -.11** -.10** -.07** -.10** -.08** -.11** .04* .31** -.16** .03 .01 13 Mother born in Russia -.08** -.10** -.05* -.10** -.09** -.11** -.01 .31** -.13** .02 -0.4 .53**
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Note: Gender 0=male, 1=female;
Citizen of country 0=no, 1=yes;
Belonging to minority 0=no, 1=yes;
Father born in Russia 0=no, 1=yes;
Mother born in Russia 0=no, 1=yes
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis 1 states that ethnic group affect the attitude towards migrants. There are 3 sub-hypotheses. Hypothesis 1a states that those who belong to the ethnic minority will have a more favorable attitude towards migrants in Russia than those who belong to the majority.
Hypothesis 1b states that those who belong to the majority ethnic group will have a more favorable attitude towards migrants from the same ethnic group. Hypothesis 1c states that those who belong to the majority ethnic group will have a less favorable attitude towards migrants from different ethnic group.
An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare attitude towards migrants between the two ethnic conditions. There was a significant difference in the attitude scores for belonging to minority (M=3.44, SD=1.51) and not belonging to minority (M=3.05, SD=1.37) conditions; t(2377)=-4.99, p < .001. These results suggest that belonging to minority really does have an effect on attitude towards migrants. Specifically, our results show that those who belong to the ethnic minority have a more favorable attitude towards migrants in Russia.
An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare attitude towards migrants from the same ethnic group between two ethnic conditions. There was a significant difference in the attitude scores for belonging to majority (M=2.62, SD=.98) and not belonging to majority (M=2.76, SD=1.03) conditions; t(2247)=2.48, p < .013 These results suggest that belonging to majority really does have an effect on attitude towards migrants from the same ethnic group.
However, our results show that those who belong to the ethnic majority have less favorable attitude towards migrants from the same ethnic group.
An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare attitude towards migrants from different ethnic group between two ethnic conditions. There was a significant difference in the scores for belonging to majority (M=2.13, SD=.88) and not belonging to majority (M=2.45, SD=.95) conditions; t(469.97)=5.66, p < .001 These results suggest that belonging to majority really does have an effect on attitude towards migrants from the different ethnic group.
Therefore, our results show that those who belong to the ethnic majority have less favorable attitude towards migrants from the different ethnic group.
Therefore, Hypothesis 1a and Hypothesis1c are supported, Hypothesis 1b is not supported.
Therefore, Hypothesis 1 is partially supported.
Hypothesis 2 states that those who held Citizenship of Russia will have a less favorable attitude towards migrants than those who do not held Citizenship of Russia. An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare attitude towards migrants in holding citizenship of Russia condition.
There was a significant difference in the scores for holding Citizenship of Russia (M=3.11, SD=1.39) and not holding citizenship of Russia (M=3.84, SD=1.84) conditions;
t(28.39)=2.15, p < .05
These results suggest that holding the citizenship of Russia really does have an effect on attitude towards migrants. Therefore, our results show that those who held the citizenship of Russia have less favorable attitude towards migrants. Therefore, Hypothesis 2 is supported.
Hypothesis 3 states that Origin of parents has an effect on the attitude towards migrants.
There are 4 sub-hypotheses. Hypothesis 3a states that those whose parents were not born in Russia have the most favorable attitude towards migrants in Russia. Hypothesis 3b states that those whose mother were born in Russia have a less favorable attitude towards migrants than those whose parents were not born in Russia. Hypothesis 3c states that those whose father were born in Russia have a less favorable attitude towards migrants than those whose parents were not born in Russia. Hypothesis 3d states that those whose parents were born in Russia have the least favorable attitude towards migrants in Russia.
A one-way between subjects’ ANOVA was conducted to compare the effect of Origin of parents on attitude towards migrants in “parents were not born in Russia” (M=4.08, SD=1.45, n=84), “father was born in Russia” (M=3.14, SD=1.35, n=53), “mother was born in Russia”
(M=3.31, SD=1.42, n=83) and “parents were born in Russia” (M=3.07, SD=1.39, n=2149) conditions. Test of Homogeneity of Variances showed that the assumption of homogeneity of variances was not violated (p>.05) There was a statistically significant difference between groups as determined by one-way ANOVA [F(3, 24) = 14.59, p < .001].
Table 4.4.
Multiple Comparison among Groups by Origins of Parents
I J
Father born in Russia Parents were not born in
Russia -.93* .24 .00 -1.56 -.30
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test indicated that the mean score of attitude towards migrants for the “parents were not born in Russia” condition was significantly higher than “father was born in Russia” condition (p<.001) as well as higher than “mother was born in Russia” (p<.01) condition and “parents were born in Russia” (p<.001) condition. Therefore, Hypothesis 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d were supported.
Table 4.5.
Hypotheses Testing Results Summary
Hypothesis Result
Hypothesis 1 Ethnic group affect the attitude towards migrants
Partially supported
Hypothesis 1a Those who belong to the ethnic minority will have more favorable attitude towards migrants in Russia than those who belong to the
majority.
Supported
Hypothesis 1b Those who belong to the majority ethnic group will have a more favorable attitude towards migrants from the same ethnic group.
Not supported
Hypothesis 1c Those who belong to the majority ethnic group will have a less favorable attitude towards migrants from different ethnic group.
Supported
Hypothesis 2 Those who hold Citizenship of Russia will have a less favorable attitude towards migrants than those who do not held Citizenship of Russia.
Supported
Hypothesis 3 Origin of parents has an affect effect onto the attitude towards migrants.
Supported
Hypothesis 3a Those whose parents were not born in Russia have more favorable attitude towards migrants in Russia.
Supported
(Continued)
Table 4.5 (Continued)
Hypothesis Result
Hypothesis 3b Those whose mother were born in Russia have a less favorable attitude towards migrants than those whose parents were not born in Russia.
Supported
Hypothesis 3c Those whose father were born in Russia have a less favorable attitude towards migrants than those whose parents were not born in Russia.
Supported
Hypothesis 3d Those whose parents were born in Russia have less favorable attitude towards migrants in Russia.
Supported