This chapter presents the conclusions of the findings of the current study based on the data analysis. The chapter also provides research and practical implications, limitations and suggestions for future research.
Conclusions
The main objective of the study was to investigate the factors that may influence attitude of local people towards migrants in Russia, to identify how the selected factors affect people’s attitude in terms of in-group/out-group concept and to provide some suggestions for improving current situation in the context of negative attitudes towards migrants in modern Russia.
Hypothesis 1a was supported, Hypothesis 1b was not supported and Hypothesis 1c was supported, therefore Hypothesis 1 was partially supported. From the results it is clear that belonging to the majority ethnic group does not improve attitude towards migrants from the same ethnic group what shows that despite of origin of migrants they are still perceived as out-group therefore people from majority do not really see ethnic out-group as a condition for including migrants in in-group. Despite of background of the migrant, local people perceive them as out-group in any case. So, it was naturally to find that belonging to the majority ethnic out-group make attitude towards migrants from different ethnic group less favorable.
It is also not surprising that belonging to minority is a factor that affects attitude towards migrants. People belonging to minority group are often treated as out-group of the majority and thus may have developed an empathy for the immigrants who are also treated more as an out-group of the majority, therefore people from minority ethnic out-group have more favorable attitude towards migrants in Russia than those who belong to the majority.
Hypothesis 2 was supported, this suggest that holding Citizenship increase feeling of involving to the group therefore affect attitude towards migrants since migrants are perceived as outgroup in higher degree. So, the result now provide evidence that citizenship of Russia make attitude towards migrants less favorable compare to those who do not hold Citizenship of Russia. The results logically lead to the conclusion that people without Russian Citizenship may perceive themselves as a kind of out-group, so their behavior differ from the behavior of Russian Citizenship holders.
Hypothesis 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d were supported. Origin of parents shows significant influence on attitude towards migrants just as citizenship does. The result demonstrates that people which have parents which were not born in Russia may identify themselves as part of group (local people group) less than people which have Russian origin parents which lead them to have more favorable attitude towards migrants. Similarly, those whose parents were born in Russia have the least favorable attitude towards migrants in Russia. In the case both of parents have non-Russian origin attitude was more favorable compare to those who have Russian origin parents. In the case only mother or father was not born in Russia there is also more favorable attitude towards migrants but a bit less than in a case when both of parents were not born in Russia.
This make belonging to minority/majority, holding the citizenship of Russia and origin of parents main identified factors. The results confirm that nowadays Russian society has significant tension towards migrants which are perceived as a threatening out-group and any factor which lead to perceive them as ingroup in higher degree may improve attitude of local people towards them.
Theoretical Implications
The present study shows that such factors as belonging to minority, holding the citizenship and origin of parents do have an influence on people’s attitude. In some cases, there is a difference between what people believe in and their actual behavior despite of the theory.
In the study it was found that currently some factors for including people in-group do not have any effect on it; this can be observed in the situation with migrants from the same ethnic group as majority.
Russia is a multinational country with one major nation and although surveys showed that Russian people supposed to have more favorable attitude to the group of people from similar ethnicity (Belarus and Ukrainian people who belong to the same east Slavic ethnic group as Russians) the analysis shows that there is no significant difference in attitude towards such group of migrants.
Practical Implications
As the findings of this study shows, the Russian society is in deep crisis in terms of migrants’ situation. Just like any nationalism, Russian nationalism is serious issue which cannot be solved at one moment. Therefore, currently it would be practically useful to hold activities and provide special education in school, starting from kindergarten aimed to form more positive image of migrants. It is also advisable to create the opportunity for migrants and Russian people to have a positive communication in some way what might be helpful in terms of including migrants as in-group as it is happening in families with non-Russian parents/parent or at least help them to be more included in Russian society in general.
In terms of implications for HR specialists, it is practically helpful to help migrants become more integrated in the organization environment, e.g., help them create connections with other workers, so as to decrease the anxiety and tension. It would be practical to develop an introductory program for new workers to understand domestic policy, rules, practices, intercultural characteristics of work in Russia, in addition to provide the expatriate with contingency contacts, any information materials, links and brochures which could provide useful information.
The organization which wish to hire foreign workers should be obligated to provide a manager-curator. It is the person who would help build positive relationships with local workers and be adapted in the local environment. Feeling of separation and exclusion from society are real challenges which should be resolved with the help of HR department of the company which hire migrants and this obligation might be enshrined in the law.
Limitations
Although the study was intended to represent the entire Russia with equal number of samples from each region, however, since European Social Survey data was used, demographic analysis showed the following result: Central FO – 26%, North Western FO – 8.1 %, Volga FO – 22.8 %, South FO – 10.4%, North Caucasian FO – 5.6%, Ural FO – 8.5%, Siberian FO – 13.6%, Far East FO – 4.9%. Since every region in Russia has different ethnical characteristics it may affect the result of the study to some degree.
In addition, most of responders were from 21 to 40 years old, other age groups were represented less. Other age groups may show different results due to different background so it can affect results of current study.
Suggestions for Future Research
Nowadays the situation in Russia is unstable, recent crisis phenomenon in international affairs influence Russian people’s attitude towards all groups of migrants and this influence seems stronger every day. Migrants have become unwelcomed group of people even despite of their ethnicity. Future researchers might observe the new situation after crisis. Currently the government put a lot of efforts on improving situations by means of implication of new laws and improving situation in terms of illegal migration. All these efforts may influence situation in future what would show the effectiveness of current government actions.
That fact that people from minority ethnic group in Russia has less feeling of belonging to local people group therefore has different attitude towards migrants, also might have different attitude from majority ethnic group in Russia in general, is an interesting trend which might be valuable to investigate.
Although the situation in Russia and Europe might have different influence factors it could be useful to compare situation in these two regions and probably find some common processes and trends. That might be important especially due to migrant’s crisis which can be recently observed in Europe.
In this study the researcher used quantitative study which let to analyze data using statistical tools but in view of the difficulty of the problems under discussion it might be useful to use qualitative study as well in order to deepen understanding specific reasons behind people’s attitude.
REFERENCES
33 Live. (2017). How migrants influence Russian economy. Retrieved from 33 Live:
http://www.33live.ru/novosti/09-03-2017-kak-vliyayut-migranty-na-ekonomiku-rossii.html
Ageev , V. S. (1983). Psychology of intergroup relations. Moscow: Moscow State University.
Ageev, V. S. (1990). Intergroup interaction: social and psychological problems. Moscow:
Publishing house Mosk. un-that, 201-211.
Ahuja, A. (2018). Both Normative and Comparative Reference Groups Are Important.
Retrieved from SCRIBD: https://ru.scribd.com/doc/131942608/Both-Normative-and-Comparative-Reference-Groups-Are-Important
Andreeva, G. M. (1999). Social psychology. Moscow: Aspect press.
Andreeva, G. M., Bogomolova , N. N., & Petrovskaya, L. A. (1984). Modern foreign social psychology. Texts. Moscow: Moscow State University.
Arutyunova , N. D. (1984). Axiology in the mechanisms of life and language. Problems of structural linguistics, 5-23.
Calderon, I. (2017). Migration: Causes, Conflict, and Policy Solutions. Retrieved from The SAIS EUrope Journal: http://www.saisjournal.org/posts/migration
Cheprasov, A. (2018). Negative Attitude: Definition & Examples. Retrieved from Study.com:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/negative-attitude-definition-examples.html
Constitution of the Russian Federation. (1993). Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Costa-Font, J., & Macis, M. (2017). Social economics: Current and emerging avenues. Social Economics: Current and Emerging Avenues. 1-9. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Dikun, N. (2013). Sociological analysis of the relation of the population of Russia and the Republic of Belarus to migrant communities. Retrieved from Fundamental Research:
http://www.fundamental-research.ru/en/article/view?id=32120
Dolgovaya , A. I. (2007). Criminology. Textbook for high schools. Moscow: Norma.
Dyatlova , A. A. (2012). Theory of social identity in the context of organization.
Organizational Psychology, 4-27.
Ellemers, N. (2018). Social Identity Theory. Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica:
https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-identity-theory
ESS ERIC. (2018). European Social Survey. Retrieved from European Social Survey:
http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/
European Social Survey. (2017). ESS8 – 2016 Documentation report. Retrieved from European Social Survey:
http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round8/survey/ESS8_data_documentation _report_e01_0.pdf
European Social Survey. (2017). Methodology Overview. Retrieved from European Social Survey: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/methodology/
European Social Survey. (2018). Data Quality Assessment. Retrieved from European Social Survey:
http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/methodology/ess_methodology/data_quality.ht ml
European Social Survey. (2018). Source questionnaire development. Retrieved from European Social Survey:
http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/methodology/ess_methodology/source_questio nnaire/source_questionnaire_development.html
Evgenyeva, T., & Selezneva, A. (2007). The image of the “enemy" as a factor in the formation of the national identity of modern Russian youth. Politia, 83-92.
Federal Service of State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography (Rosreestr). (2017).
Information on the availability and distribution of land in the Russian Federation.
Retrieved from Rosreestr: https://rosreestr.ru/site/en/about/
Frolov, C. C. (2010). Short terminological dictionary. Retrieved from Sociology: http://hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook743/01/part-020.htm#i883
Geography of Russia. (2019). Russia is a multinational country. The peoples of Russia, the geography of their settlement. . Retrieved from Geography of Russia:
https://geographyofrussia.com/rossiya-mnogonacionalnaya-strana-narody-rossii-geografiya-ix-rasseleniya-osnovnye-religii-rasprostranyonnye-v-rossii/
Guchteneire , P. (2005). National Identity and Attitudes Towards Migrants. (M. Koenig, Ed.) International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS), 7(2), 96.
Heleniak , T. (2002). Migration Dilemmas Haunt Post-Soviet Russia. Retrieved from Migration Policy Institute: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migration-dilemmas-haunt-post-soviet-russia
Hymans, J. E. (2002, March). Applying social identity theory to the study of international politics: a caution and an agenda. In annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans , 24-27.
Jarrett, B. C. (2017). How collective narcissism is directing world politics. Retrieved from BBC: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170303-how-collective-narcissism-is-directing-world-politics
Kamenskih, M. (2018). Migrants and stereotypes about migrants in public space of Russian cities. PFRC URO RAN Ambassador(4), 137-139.
Licata, L., & Klein, O. (2002). Does European citizenship breed xenophobia? European identification as a predictor of intolerance towards immigrants. Journal of community &
applied social psychology, 12(5), 323-337.
Kondratov, S. A., Starikova, A. M., & Syltigova, A. A. (2016). Migration and its influence on the economy of Russia. Actual problems of the humanities and natural sciences, 88-92.
Kuntsman, M. B., & Sultygova, A. A. (2014). Social security of the state in crisis conditions.
Actual problems of the humanities and natural sciences, 181-183.
Ladan, E. (2009). Migration Processes in the conditions of market economy in modern Russia. Migration processes in a market economy in modern Russia. Theory and practice of social development(3-4), 145-149.
Lakoff , G. (1991). Metaphor and War: The Metaphor System Used to Justify War in the Gulf', in Brian Hallet (ed.) Engulfed in War: Just War and the Persian Gulf.
Honolulu: Matsunaga Institute for Peace, 95-110.
Levada analytical center. (2016). Xenophobic Sentiments. Retrieved from Levada-center.
Yuri Levada analytical center.: https://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/10/xenophobic-sentiments/
Levada analytical center. (2017). Attitudes towards migrants. Retrieved from Levada-center.
Yuri Levada analytical center: https://www.levada.ru/en/2017/05/29/attitudes-toward-migrants/
Levada analytical center. (2017). Expectations for 2018. Retrieved from Levada analytical center: https://www.levada.ru/en/2018/02/02/expectations-for-2018-ii/
Levada analytical center. (2019). About us. Retrieved from Levada analytical center:
https://www.levada.ru/en/about-us/
Markaki, Y., & Longhi, S. (2013). What determines attitudes to immigration in European countries? An analysis at the regional level. Migration Studies, 1(3), 311-337.
McGregor, I., Haji, R., & Kang, S. J. (2008). Can ingroup affirmation relieve outgroup derogation?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(5), 1395-1401.
McLeod, S. A. (2008). Social identity theory. Retrieved from Simplyp Sychology:
www.simplypsychology.org/social-identity-theory.html
Moss, S. (2016). Social identity and self categorization. Retrieved from Sicotests:
https://www.sicotests.com/psyarticle.asp?id=75
Mukomel , V. I. (2011). Integration of migrants: challenges, policies, social practices. The World of Russia, 34-50.
Nesje, K. (2009). Social identity, group membership and trust (Master's thesis). Department of Psychology.
Population matters. (2018). Conflict & migration. Retrieved from Population matters:
https://www.populationmatters.org/the-issue/population/conflict-migration/
Sherif, M., & Sherif, C. W. (1953). Groups in harmony and tension; an integration of studies of intergroup relations.
Skrebtsova, T. G. (2007). Migrant image in modern Russian mass media. Politicheskaya Lingvistika, (3), 115-118.
Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social psychology quarterly, 224-237.
Sushkov, I. (1993). Socio-psychological theory of John Turner. Psychological Journal, 118.
Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Organizational identity: A reader, 56, 65.
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. (2015). The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996, No. 63-FL (amended of November 28, 2015).
Trevor-Roper , H. (1961). Stereotypes and the civil wars. New York: New York Mag.
Turner, J. C. (1985). Social categorization and the self-concept: a social cognitive theory of group behaviour. Advances in Group Processes. In E. Lawer., Ed. Greenwich, Advances in group processes: Theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 77-122) Connecticut:
JAI Press.
Turner, J., & Giles, H. (1981). The experimental social psychology of intergroup behaviour.
Interggroup behavior, 66-101.
Turner, J. C. (1989). Self-categorization theory and social influence. The phychology of group influence, 233-275.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2020). Definitions. Retrieved from Refugees and Migrants: https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/definitions
Ünlü, D. (2017). Most negative countries against immigrants: Turkey, Italy and Russia.
Retrieved from Dunya: https://www.dunya.com/surdurulebilir-dunya/gocmenlere-karsi-en-negatif-ulkeler-turkiye-italya-ve-rusya-haberi-386725
Van Dijk, T. (1989). Language, Cognition and Communication (Collection of articles, translated from English). Moscow: Progress.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2000). Ideology and discourse: A multidisciplinary introduction. Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, 1025-1034.
Varganova , O. (2012). The image of a labor migrant in media (based on the results of content analysis). Historical and socio-educational thought, 184-186.
Vesti.ru. (2007). Konstantin Romodanovsky: the migrant will be traced by the "all-seeing eye". Retrieved from Vesti.Ru: https://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=124844&cid=5
Whitbourne , S. (2010). In-groups, out-groups, and the psychology of crowds. Retrieved from Psychology Today:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201012/in-groups-out-groups-and-the-psychology-crowds
Wikipedia. (2018). Russia. Retrieved from Wikipedia:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1
%8F
Zakham, N. (2017). How migrants influence the economy. Retrieved from Dni.ru:
https://dni.ru/bloggers/2017/3/9/363335.html
APPENDIX A: ESS RUSSIAN QUESTIONNAIRE
Европейское Социальное Исследование – 2016
Здравствуйте! Меня зовут /фамилия, имя, отчество/. Я пришла/ел по заданию Института сравнительных социальных исследований. Мы проводим опрос населения страны, посвященный изучению взглядов, ценностей и жизни людей в нашей стране.
Мнения, высказанные в ходе опроса, оглашению не подлежат и будут использоваться только в обобщенном виде после компьютерной обработки. Выбор людей для опроса осуществляется по специальной математической процедуре. Ваши искренние и точные ответы будут способствовать выработке научных рекомендаций в сфере социальной политики.
ПОПРОСИТЕ РЕСПОНДЕНТА ОТКРЫТЬ КАРТОЧКУ 15
В38. Используя эту карточку, скажите, следует ли позволить людям той же расы или национальности, что и большинство населения России, переезжать жить в нашу страну?
(1) Следует позволить многим таким людям переезжать жить в Россию (2) Следует позволить некоторым таким людям переезжать жить в Россию (3) Следует позволить переезжать лишь немногим из них
(4) Никому не разрешать (7) Отказ от ответа
(8) Затрудняюсь ответить
ПОПРОСИТЕ РЕСПОНДЕНТА СНОВА ВОСПОЛЬЗОВАТЬСЯ КАРТОЧКОЙ 15
В39. А как насчет людей, которые по национальности или расовой принадлежности отличаются от большинства населения России?
(1) Следует позволить многим таким людям переезжать жить в Россию (2) Следует позволить некоторым таким людям переезжать жить в Россию (3) Следует позволить переезжать лишь немногим из них
(4) Никому не разрешать (7) Отказ от ответа
(8) Затрудняюсь ответить
ПОПРОСИТЕ РЕСПОНДЕНТА СНОВА ВОСПОЛЬЗОВАТЬСЯ КАРТОЧКОЙ 15
В40. А если говорить о людях из более бедных стран за пределами Европы?
(1) Следует позволить многим таким людям переезжать жить в Россию (2) Следует позволить некоторым таким людям переезжать жить в Россию (3) Следует позволить переезжать лишь немногим из них
(4) Никому не разрешать (7) Отказ от ответа (8) Затрудняюсь ответить
ПОПРОСИТЕ РЕСПОНДЕНТА ОТКРЫТЬ КАРТОЧКУ 16
В41. Как Вы считаете, то, что люди из других стран переезжают в Россию, в целом плохо или хорошо сказывается на экономике России? Для ответа пользуйтесь, пожалуйста, карточкой.
/ОТМЕТЬТЕ ОДНО ЧИСЛО/
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Плохо - Хорошо для экономики для экономики (77) Отказ от ответа
(88) Затрудняюсь ответить
ПОПРОСИТЕ РЕСПОНДЕНТА ОТКРЫТЬ КАРТОЧКУ 17
В42. Теперь, пользуясь этой карточкой, скажите, как Вы считаете, приток людей из других стран скорее разрушает или скорее обогащает культуру России?
/ОТМЕТЬТЕ ОДНО ЧИСЛО/
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Разрушает - Обогащает культуру нашей страны нашей страны (77) Отказ от ответа
(88) Затрудняюсь ответить
ПОПРОСИТЕ РЕСПОНДЕНТА ОТКРЫТЬ КАРТОЧКУ 18
В43. Как Вы считаете, с притоком людей из других стран Россия как место для жизни становится лучше или хуже? Для ответа пользуйтесь, пожалуйста, карточкой.
/ОТМЕТЬТЕ ОДНО ЧИСЛО/
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Становится хуже - Становится лучше (77) Отказ от ответа
(88) Затрудняюсь ответить
С9. Насколько сильно Вы эмоционально привязаны к России? Дайте ответ по шкале от 0 до 10, где 0 означает что Вы вообще не чувствуете эмоциональной привязанности, а 10 - что чувствуете очень сильную эмоциональную привязанность.
/ОТМЕТЬТЕ ОДНО ЧИСЛО/
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Вообще не чувствую - Чувствую очень эмоциональной сильную эмоциональную привязанности привязанность
(77) Отказ от ответа (88) Затрудняюсь ответить
С20. Являетесь ли Вы гражданином России?
(1) Да (2) Нет
(7) Отказ от ответа (8) Затрудняюсь ответить
С26. Принадлежите ли Вы к какой-нибудь другой национальной группе, кроме русских? (1) Да
(2) Нет
(7) Отказ от ответа (8) Затрудняюсь ответить
С27. Ваш отец родился в России?
(1) Да (2) Нет
(7) Отказ от ответа (8) Затрудняюсь ответить
С29. Ваша мать родилась в России?
(1) Да (2) Нет
(7) Отказ от ответа (8) Затрудняюсь ответить
APPENDIX B: SOURCE QUESTIONNAIRE
Round 8 2016/2017
Now some questions about people from other countries coming to live in [country].
B38 CARD 15 Now, using this card, to what extent do you think [country]
should29 allow people of the same race or ethnic group as most [country]’s people to come and live here?
Allow many to come and live here 1
Allow some 2
Allow a few 3 Allow none 4
Refusal 7
Don’t know 8
B39 STILL CARD 15 How about people of a different race or ethnic group from most [country]
people? Still use this card
Allow many to come and live here 1
Allow some 2
Allow a few 3 Allow none 4
Refusal 7
Don’t know 8
B41 CARD 16 Would you say it is generally bad or good for [country]’s economy that people come to live here from other countries? Please use this card.
B42 CARD 17 And, using this card, would you say that [country]’s cultural life is generally undermined or enriched by people coming to live here from other countries?
B43 CARD 18 Is [country] made a worse or a better place to live by people coming to live here from other countries? Please use this card.
C9 CARD 23 How emotionally attached41 do you feel to [country]? Please choose a number from 0 to 10, where 0 means not at all emotionally attached and 10 means very emotionally attached.
C20 Are you a citizen of [country]?
Yes 1
No 2
(Refusal) 7 (Don't know) 8
C26 Do you belong45 to a minority ethnic group in [country]?
Yes 1
No 2
(Refusal) 7 (Don't know) 8
C27 Was your father born in [country]?
Yes 1
No 2
(Refusal) 7 (Don't know) 8
C29 Was your mother born in [country]?
Yes 1
No 2
(Refusal) 7 (Don't know) 8