CHAPTER 9 Summary and Policy Implications
9.4 Area for further research
Much as the objectives of this dissertation have been achieved, however, the remaining issue to be resolved in the future is of three aspects. First, incorporating the service area population and car ownership, or even transportation demand as environmental variables may not be enough, since transit performance is thought to be sensitive to the environment in which the system operates (Giuliano, 1981). Some other appropriate economic environmental variables accounting for the changes in efficiency and/or productivity over the study period need to be identified further and thus taken into account. Second, DEA is deterministic and so is plagued by measurement errors in the included variables. Therefore, developing a stochastic model to describe the impact is also a future work.
Another issue to consider is that transit operations are affected by intangible characteristics such as service quality components which have universal applicability on all the operations of a transit system. The effects of this factor on transit performance need to be further investigated by incorporating the intangible spirit of quality of service into the evaluation model, for both theoretical issues and the practical applicability of the model.
REFERENCES
1. Aigner, D. J. and Chu, S. F. “On estimating the industry production function”, American Economic Review, 58, pp.826-839, 1968.
2. Aigner, D. J., Lovell, C. A. K. and Schmidt, P. “Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models”, Journal of Econometrics, 6, pp.12-37, 1977.
3. Alexandersson, G., Hulten, S. and Folster, S. “The effects of competition in Swedish local bus services”, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 32, pp.203-219, 1998.
4. Anderson, S. C. and Fielding, G. L. “US department of transportation”, Comparative Analysis of Transit Performance, Washington D.C., Final report, 1992.
5. Banker, R. D., Charmes, A. and Cooper, W. W. “Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis”, Management Science, 30, pp.1078-1092,1984.
6. Battese, G. E. and Coelli, T. J. “A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data”, Empirical Economics, 20, pp.325-332, 1995.
7. Beasley, J. “Determining teaching and research efficiencies”, Journal of the operational research society, 46 (4), pp.441-452, 1995.
8. , “Allocating fixed costs and resources via data envelopment analysis”, European Journal of Operational Research, 147, pp.198-216, 2003.
9. Berechman, J. and Giuliano, G. “Economies of scale in bus transit: A review of concepts and evidence”, Transportation, 12, pp.313-332, 1985.
10. Bhattacharyya, A., Kumbhakar, S. and Bhattacharyya, A. “Ownership structure and cost efficiency: a study of publicly owned passenger-bus transportation companies in India”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 6, pp.47-61, 1995.
11. Boame, A. K. The sources of efficiency change in the Canadian urban transit systems: a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Economics, the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 2001.
12. Boardman, A., Vining, A. R. “Ownership and performance in competitive environments:
a comparison of the performance of private, mixed, and state-owned enterprises”, Journal of Law and Economics, 32, pp.1-33, 1989.
13. Bonnie, J. P., and Putterman, L. Economics of cooperation and the labor-managed economy, Harwood, 1987.
14. Bonnie, J. P., Jones, D. C., and Puterman, L. “Theoretical and empirical studies of producer cooperatives: will ever the Twain meet?”, Journal of Economic Literature, 31(3), pp.1290-1320, 1993.
15. Boubakri, N., Cosset, J. C. “The financial and operating performance of newly privatized firms: evidence from developing countries”, Journal of Finance, 53, pp.1081-1110, 1998.
16. Boycko, Maxim, Andrei, S. and Robert W. V. “A theory of privatization”, Economic Journal, 106, pp. 309-319, 1996.
17. Boyd, G., Tolley, G., and Pang, J. “Plant level productivity, efficiency, and environmental performance of the container glass industry”, Environmental and Resource Economics, 23, pp.29-43, 2001.
18. Button, K. and Costa, A. “Economic efficiency gains from urban public transport regulatory reform: two case studies of changes in Europe”, Regional Science, 33, pp.425-438, 1999.
19. Caves, D. W., Christensen, L. R. and Diewert, W. E. “The economic theory of index numbers and the measurement of input, output and productivity”, Economertica, 50, pp.
1414-1393, 1982.
20. , “The economic theory of index numbers and the measurement of input, output and productivity”, Production Frontiers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994.
21. Chambers, R. G., Chung, Y., and Fare, R. “Profit, directional distance functions, and Nerlovian efficiency”, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, 98, pp.351-364, 1998.
22. Chang C. C. “The nonparametric risk-adjusted efficiency measurement: an application to Taiwan’s major rural financial intermediaries”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 81, pp.902-913, 1999.
23. Chang, K. P. and Kao, P. H. “The relative efficiency of public versus private municipal bus firms: an application of data envelopment analysis”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3, pp.67-84, 1992.
24. Chang L. Y. Performance evaluation of privatization on the intercity bus company: a case study of Taiwan Motor Corporation, Master thesis, Department of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Nation Cha-I University, Taiwan, 2003 (in Chinese).
25. Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., Lewin, A. Y. and Seiford, L. M. Data Envelopment Analysis:
Theory, Methodology, and Application, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1994.
26. Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W. and Rhodes, E. “Measuring the efficiency of decision making units”, European Journal of Operational Research, pp.429-444, 1978.
27. , “Evaluating program and managerial efficiency: an application of data envelopment analysis to program follow through”, Management Science, 27(6), 668-697, 1981.
28. Chen, D. J. and Shiau J. W. “A study on the development of DEA model for the aggregate performance evaluation of highway bus industry, Transportation Planning Journal, 23(1), pp.11-40, 1994 (in Chinese).
29. Chen, J. J. and Sun S. “A study on the performance of Taipei joint operation bus system”, Proceedings of the Conference on Technology and Management, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C, 2001 (in Chinese).
30. Cho, H. J. and Fan C. K. “The performance of Taiwan motor transport company before and after privatization”, Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 5, pp.2872-2882, 2003.
31. , “The performance of Taiwan motor transport company before and after privatization”, The 5th International Conference of Eastern Asia Society for Transport Studies, Fukuoka, Japan, 2003.
32. , “Evaluating the performance of privatization on regional transit services: a case study”, ASCE Journal of Urban Planning and Development, (Accepted April 2004).
33. , “Measuring the risk-adjusted efficiency of Taiwan Motor Transport Company before and after privatization”, World Scientific and Engineering Academy and society (WSEAS) International conferences, 2004.
34. Chu, X., Fielding, G. and Lamar, B. “Measuring transit performance using data envelopment analysis”, Transportation Research, 26, pp.223-230, 1992.
35. Coelli, T., Prasada Rao, D. S. and Battese, G. E. “An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1998.
36. Coelli, T. J. A guide to DEAP version 2.1: a data envelopment analysis (computer) program, CEPA working papers, 8/96, Dept. of Econometrics, University of New England, Armidale, Australia, 1996.
37. Cook, W. D., Hababou, M., and Tuerter, H. J. H. “Multicomponet efficiency measurement and shared inputs in data envelopment analysis: an application to scales and service performance in bank branches”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 14, pp.209-224, 2000.
38. Cook, W. D., and Kress, M. “Characterizing an equitable allocation of shared costs: a DEA approach”, European Journal of Operational Research, 199, pp.652-661, 1999.
39. Costa, A. “Public transport efficiency and effectiveness: Metro de Madrid”, In K. Button, P. Nijkamp and H. priemus (eds)”Transport Networks in Europe: Concepts, Analysis and Policies. Elgar,Cheltenham, pp.248-264, 1998.
40. Cowie, J. and Asenova, D. “Organisation form, scale effects and efficiency in the British bus industry”, Transportation, 26, pp.231-248, 1999.
41. Cowie J. “Acquisition, efficiency and scale economies: An analysis of the British bus industry”, Transport Reviews, 22(2), pp.147-157, 2002.
42. Dajani, J. S., and Gilbert, G. “Measuring the performance of transit systems”, Transportation Planning and Technology, 4, pp.97-103, 1978.
43. Dalen, D. M. and Gomez-Lobo, A.“Yardsticks on the road: regulatory contracts and cost efficiency in the Norwegian Bus Industry”, Transportation, 30, pp. 371-386, 2003.
44. De Borger, B. “The economic environment and public enterprise behaviour: Belgian railroads, 1950-1986”, Economica, 60, pp.443-463, 1993.
45. De Borger, B., Kerstens, K. and Costa, A. “Public transit performance: What does one learn from frontier studies”, Transport Reviews, 22, pp.1-38, 2002.
46. Debreu, G. “The Coefficient of Resource Utilization”, Econometrica, 19, pp. 273-292, 1951.
47. Dewenter, K.L., Malatesta, P.H. “Public offerings of state-owned and privately-owned enterprises: An international comparison”, Journal of Finance, 52, pp.1659-1679, 1997.
48. , “State-owned and privately-owned firms: an empirical analysis of profitability, leverage, and labor intensity”, American Economic Review, 91, pp.320-334, 2001.
49. Diez-Ticio, A. and Mancebon, M. “The efficiency of the Spanish police service: an application of the multiactivity DEA model”, Applied Economics, 34, pp.351-362, 2002.
50. D’Souza, J., Megginson, W. L. “The financial and operating performance of newly privatized firms in the 1990’s”, Journal of Finance, 54, pp.1396-1438, 1999.
51. Fare, R., Grabowski, R., Grosskopf, S. and Kraft, S. “Efficiency of a fixed but allocatable input: a non-parametric approach”, Economics Letters, 56, pp. 93-187, 1997.
52. Fare, R. and Grosskopf, S. “Shadow pricing of good and bad commodities”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80, 3, pp.584-590, 1998.
53. , “Network DEA”, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 34, pp.35-49, 2002.
54. Fare, R. Grosskopf, S. and Lovell, C. A. K. The Measurement of Efficiency of Production. Kluwer Acadernic Publibers, Boston, 1985.
55. , Production Frontiers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
56. Fare, R., Grosskofp, S., Lovell, C. A. K. and Pasurka, C. “Multilateral productivity comparisons when some outputs are undesirable: a nonparametric approach”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 71, 1, pp. 90-98, 1989.
57. Fare, R., Grosskopf, S. and Weber, W. (1997), “The effect of risk-based capital requirements on profit efficiency in banking”, Discussion Paper Series, Department of Economics, Southern Illinios University at Carbondale, pp.97-112, 1997.
58. Fare, R., Grosskopf, S. and Zaim, O. “Hyperbolic efficiency and return to the dollar”, European Journal of Operational Research, 136, pp.671-679, 2002.
59. Fare, R. and Primont, D. Multi-Output Production and Duality: Theory and Applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1995.
60. Farrell, M. J. “The measurement of productive efficiency”, Journal of Royal Statistical Society A, 120, pp.253-281, 1957.
61. Fazioli, R., Filippini, M.and Prioni, P. “Cost-structure and efficiency of local public transport: the case of Emilia Romagna bus companies”, International Journal of Transport Economics, 20, pp.305-324, 1993.
62. Fielding, G. J. Managing public transit strategically, Jossey-Bas, Inc., San Francisco, 1987.
63. Fried, H. O., Lovell C. A. K., Schmidt S. S. and Yaisawarng S. “Accounting for environmental effects and statistical noise in data envelopment analysis”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 17, pp.157-174, 2002.
64. Gathon, H. J. “Indicators of partial productivity and technical efficiency in the European urban transit sector”, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 60, pp.43-59, 1989.
65. Georgeson-Roegen, N. “The aggregate linear production function and its applications to Von Neumann’s economic model”, In Koopmans, T. (Ed.), Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation, Wiley, New York, 1951.
66. Gillen, D. and Lall, A. “Developing measures of airport productivity and performance:
an application of data envelopment analysis”, Transportation Research E, 33(4), pp.261-273, 1997.
67. Giuliano, G. “Effect of environmental factors on the efficiency of public transit service”, Transportation Research Record, 797, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.
C., pp. 11-16, 1981.
68. Golany, B. Phhllips, F. Y. and Rousseau, J. J. “Models for improved effectiveness based on DEA efficiency results”, IIE Transactions, 25, pp.2-10, 1993.
69. Golany, B. and Tamir, E. “Evaluation efficiency-effectiveness-equality trade-offs: a data envelopment analysis approach”, Management Science, 41,pp.1172-1184, 1995.
70. Gomez-Ibanez, J. A. and Meyer, J. R. “Privatizing and deregulating local public services:
Lessons from Britain’s buses”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 56, pp.9-21, 1990.
71. , Going private-the international experience with privatization, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C., 1993.
72. Greene, W. “Frontier production functions”, Handbook of Applied Econometrics, In Pesaran, M. H. and Wickens, M. R. (eds), 2, pp.81-166, 1997.
73. Grosskopf, S. “Statistical inference and non-parametric efficiency: a selective survey”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 7, pp.161-176, 1996.
74. Harper, J. T. “The performance of privatized firms in the Czech republic”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 26, pp.621-649, 2002.
75. Hensher, D. A. and Daniels, R.“Productivity measurement in the urban bus sector”, Transport policy, pp.179-197, 1995.
76. Hibbs J. Bus and Coach Management, Chapman and Hall, London, pp.112, 1985.
77. Hooper, P. G. and Hensher D. A. “Measuring total factor productivity of airports-an index number approach”, Transportation Research E, 33 (4), pp. 249-259, 1997.
78. Hughes, J. P. “Measuring efficiency when competitive prices aggregate differences in product quality and risk”, Research in Economics, 53, 47-76, 1999.
79. Institute of Transportation, Ministry of Transportation and Communications, The third Taiwan area integrated transportation system planning study, 1999, Taipei, Taiwan (in Chinese).
80. Jorgensen F., Pedersen P. A. and Volden R. “ Estimating the inefficiency in the Norwegian bus industry form Stochastic cost frontier models”, Transportation, 24, pp.421-433, 1997.
81. Karlaftis, M.G. “Investigating transit production and performance: a programming approach”, Transportation Research A,37, pp.225-240, 2003.
82. , “A DEA approach for evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of urban transit systems”, European Journal of Operational Research, 152, pp.354-364, 2004.
83. Kao, C., Chen, L. H., Wang, T. Y., Kuo, S. and Horng, S. D. “Productivity improvement:
efficiency approach vs effectiveness approach”, Omega International Journal Management Science, 23, 2, pp.197-204, 1995.
84. Karlaftis, M. G. and McCarthy, P. S. “The effect of privatization on public transit costs”, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 16, pp.27-43, 1999.
85. Karlaftis, M. G. and Sinha, K. C. “Effect of operating subsides in the paratransit sector”, Transportation Research Record, 1571, National Research Council, Washington, D. C., pp.75-80, 1997.
86. Kerstens, K. “Technical efficiency measurement and explanation of French urban transit companies”, Transportation Research, 30A, pp.431-452, 1996.
87. , “Decomposing technical efficiency and effectiveness of French urban transport”, Annales d’Economie et de Statistique, 54, pp.129-155, 1999.
88. Kerstens, K. and Vanden Eeckaut, P. “The economic cost of subsidy-induced technical inefficiency: a methodological postscript” International Journal of Transport Economics, 22, pp.225-229, 1995.
89. Koopmans, T. C. “An analysis of production as an efficiency combination of activities, in T. C. Koopmans (Ed.)”, Activity analysis of production and allocation, Cowles Commission for Research in Economics, Monograph No.13, Wiley, New York, 1951.
90. Labrecque H. J., Measurement of efficiency in urban mass transit via a Data Envelopment Analysis, Master thesis, Department of Economic, the University of New Brunswick, 1996.
91. Levaggi, R. “Parametric and non-parametric approach to efficiency: the case of urban transport in Italy”, Studi Economici, 49, pp.67-88, 1994.
92. Lijesen, M. “Analyzing cost structures of public sector activities, with an application to regional public transport”, Performance Budgeting: a Perspective on Modelling and Strategic Planning in the Public Sector in Holland. G. B. K. de Graan and F. G. Volmer eds., Eburon, Delft, pp. 178-187, 1998.
93. Lothgren, M., and Tambour, M. “Productivity and customer satisfaction in Swedish pharmacies: A DEA network model”, European Journal of Operational Research, 115, pp.449-458, 1999.
94. Lovell, C. A. K., Production frontiers and economic efficiency: the measurement of productive efficiency, Chapter 1 and 3, Oxford University Press, 1993.
95. Lyons, D. M. “Performance measurement in urban transit: a comparative analysis of single and partial measures of transit performance”, Transportation Research A, 31, pp.
69, 1997.
96. Mackie, P., Preston, J. and Nash, C. “Bus deregulation: ten years on”, Transport Reviews, 15, pp.229-251, 1995.
97. Mar Molinero, C. “On the joint determination of efficiencies in a data envelopment context”, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 47, pp.1273-1279, 1996.
98. Mar Molinero, C. and Tsai, P. F. “Some mathematical properties of a DEA model for the joint determination of efficiencies”, Journal of the Operational Research Society, 48, pp.51-56, 1997.
99. Matas A. and Raymond, J. L. “Technical characteristics and efficiency of urban bus companies: the case of Spain”, Transportation, 25, pp. 243-263, 1998.
100. McCrosson D. F. “Choosing performance indicators for small transit systems”, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 48, pp.26-30, 1978.
101. Meeusen, W. and van den Broeck, J. “Efficiency estimation from cobb-douglas production functions with composed error”, International Economic Review, 18, pp.435-444, 1997.
102. Megginson, W. L., Nash, R. C., Netter, J. M. and Poulsen, A. B. “The choice of privatization method: an empirical analysis”, Working Paper, university of Georgia.
2000a.
103. Megginson, W. L., Nash, R. C., Netter, J. M. and Schwartz, A. L. “The long-run retrun to investors in share issue privatizations”, Financial Management, 2000b.
104. Megginson, W. L., Nash, R. C. and van Randenborgh, M. “The finacial and operating performance of newly privatized firms: An international empirical analysis”, Journal of Finance, 49, pp.403-452, 1994.
105. Megginson, W. L. and Netter, J. M. “From State to Market: A Survey of Empirical studies on Privatization”, Journal of Economic Literature, 39, pp. 321-389, 2001.
106. Mester, L. J. “A study of bank efficiency taking into account risk-preferences”, Journal of Bank and Finance, 20, pp.45-1025, 1996.
107. Miller, D. R., Lathrop, G. T. and Stuart, D. R. Simplified guidelines for evaluating transit service in small urban areas, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D. C., 1984.
108. Mulley, C. and Wright, M. “Management buy-outs and the privatization of National Bus”, Fiscal Studies, August, pp.1-23, 1986.
109. Nakanishi, Y. J. and Norsworthy, J. R. “Assessing efficiency of transit service”, IEEE International Engineering Management Society Conference, pp.133-140, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2000.
110. National Federation of Bus Passenger Transportation of the Republic of China, Annual Statistical Reports, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C., 2002.
111. Nolan, J. F. “Determinants of productive efficiency in urban transit”, Logistic and Transportation Review, 32(3), pp.319-342, 1996.
112. Nolan, J. F., Ritchie, P. C. and Rowcroft, J. E. “Identifying and measuring public policy goals: ISTEA and the US bus transit industry”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 48, pp.291-304, 2002.
113. Obeng, K. “The economic cost of subsidy-induced technical inefficiency”, International Journal of Transport Economics, 21, pp.3-20, 1994.
114. Obeng, K., Assar, N. and Benjamin, J. “Total factor productivity in transit systems:
1983-1988”, Transportation Research A, 26(6), pp. 447-455, 1992.
115. Obeng, K. and Sakano R. “Total factor productivity decomposition, input price inefficiencies, and public transit systems”, Transportation Research E, 38, pp.19-36, 2002.
116. Odeck, J. “Ownership, scale effects and efficiency of Norwegian bus operators:
empirical evidence”, International Journal of Transport Economics, XXX, 3, pp.305-325, 2003.
117. Odeck, J. and Alkadi A. “Evaluating efficiency in the Norwegian bus industry using data envelopment analysis”, Transportation, 28, pp.221-232, 2001.
118. Parker, D. “The performance of BAA before and after privatization: a DEA study”, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 33, 2, pp.133-46, 1999.
119. Perelman, S. and Thiry, B. “Measuring the performance of public transport companies”, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 60(1), pp. 3-8, 1989.
120. Pina, V. and Torres, L. “Analysis of the efficiency of local government services delivery.
An application to urban public transport”, Transportation Research A, 35, pp.929-944, 2001.
121. Robbins, D. K. and White P. R. “The experience of express coach deregulation in great Briton”, Transportation, 13, pp.359-384, 1986.
122. Roy, Jean-P. “Performance indicators of the transport sector”, in Canadian transportation research forum: transport gateways and trade corridors, Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, May, 2, pp. 719-733, 1996.
123. Sakano, R., Obeng, K. “Re-examination of inefficiencies in urban transit systems: a stochastic frontier approach”, Logistics and Transportation Review, 31, pp.377-392, 1995.
124. Sakano, R., Obeng, K. and Azam, G. “Subsidies and inefficiency: stochastic frontier approach”, Contemporary Economic Policy, 15, pp.113-127, 1997.
125. Shephard, R. W. Theory of Cost and Production Functions, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1970.
126. Small, K. A. “Urban Transportation Economics”, Harwood Academic Publishers, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 1992.
127. Stopher, P. R., and Meyburg Arnim, H. Transportation Systems Evaluation, Lexington, Mass, 1976.
128. Sueyoshi, T. “Privatization of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone: was it a good policy decision”, European Journal of Operation Research, 107, pp.45-61, 1998.
129. Talley, W. K., and Anderson P. P. “Effectiveness and efficiency in transit performance: a theoretical perspective”, Transportation Research A, 15(6), pp.431-436, 1981.
130. Taskin, F., and Zaim, O. “Searching for Kuznets curve in environmental efficiency using Kernel estimation”, Economics Letters, 68, pp.217-223, 2000.
131. Thanassoulis, E. “A data envelopment analysis approach to clustering operating units for resource allocation purposes”, Omega, 24, pp.463-476, 1996.
132. , “Estimating efficient marginal resource levels using data envelpment analysis”, Journal of Cost Analysis, pp. 29-52,1998.
133. Thiry, B. and Tulkens, H. “Allowing for inefficiency in parametric estimation of production functions for urban transit firms”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3, pp.45-65, 1992.
134. Tomazinis, A.R., Productivity, efficiency, and quality in urban transportation systems, Lexington, Mass, 1975.
135. Tomkins, C. and Green, R. “An experiment in the use of data envelopment analysis for evaluating the efficiency of UK university departments of accounting”, Financial Accountability& Management, 4, 2, pp.147-164, 1988.
136. Tone K., and Sawada, T. “An efficiency analysis of public vs. private bus transportation enterprises”, Operational Research ’90 ed. Bradley, H., pp. 357-365, Pergamon, New York, 1990.
137. Tsai, P. F. and Mar Molinero, C. “The joint determination of efficiencies in DEA: an application to the UK health service”, Department of Management, Discussion Paper, University of Southampton, 1998.
138. , “A variable returns to scale data envelopment analysis model for the joint determination of efficiencies with an example of the UK health service”, European Journal of Operational Research, 141, pp.21-38, 2002.
139. US Department of Transportation, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Proc. of the 1st Nat. on Conf. on Transit performance, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1978.
140. Viton, P. “The question of efficiency in urban bus transportation”, Journal of Regional Science, 26(3), pp. 499-513, 1986.
141. , “Consolidations of scale and scope in urban transit”, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 22, pp.25-49, 1992.
142. , “Changes in multi-mode transit efficiency, 1988-1992”, working paper, The Ohio State University, 1995.
143. , “Technical efficiency in multimode bus transit: a production frontier analysis”, Transportation Research B, 31, pp.23-39, 1997.
144. , “Changes in multimode bus transit efficiency, 1988-1992”, Transportation, 25, pp.1-21, 1998.
145. White, P. “The experience of bus and coach deregulation in Britain and in other countries”, International Journal of Transport Economics, XXIV, 35-52, 1997.
146. Wright, M., Dobson, P., Thompson, S. and Robbie, K. “How well does privatization achieve government objectives? The case of bus buy-outs”, International Journal of Transport Economics, XIX, pp.258-285, 1992.
147. Wright, M. and Mulley, C. “Early experiences from the privatization of National Bus”, Annual Conference of Transport Research Group, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1989.
Vita（簡歷）
中文姓名：范植谷 英文姓名：Chih-Ku Fan 籍 貫：台灣省新竹縣◎
生 日：民國43 年 12 月
聯絡地址：台北市許昌街17 號 4 樓
聯絡電話：(02) 23715364
電子郵件：frank.tem84g@nctu.edu.tw 學 歷：
新竹縣竹東國小（百年校慶傑出校友）
新竹縣立第一初級中學（建華國中）
國立台灣師範大學附屬高級中學 國立成功大學交通管理科學系學士 亞洲理工學院大地及交通工程系碩士
英國里茲（University of Leeds）與布列福（University of Bradford）大學研究 國立交通大學運輸科技與管理學系博士
經 歷：
台灣鐵路管理局：
實習生、站務員、列車長、課員、股長（67.8~74.11）
實習生、站務員、列車長、課員、股長（67.8~74.11）