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1. Existential Constructions
a. 台灣閩南語的存在句:
動詞固有意義和動相、格式的互動 b. 台灣閩南語存在句的類型:
- “有”字句
「NP處所+V+NP客體」檳榔樹邊有一條水圳 - “是”字句
「NP處所+V是+NP客體」頭前是一個曝粟仔的埕 合菜園仔
1. Existential Constructions (cont.)
- 動態存在句
「NP處所+V+著+NP客體/施事」(共通語) (4a) 牆上掛著一幅畫。（靜態）(NP客體) (4b) 天上飛著鳥。 (動態）(NP施事+客體) (5a) 壁頂掛一幅畫。 （靜態）
(5b) *天頂飛鳥仔。 （動態）
(5c) 天頂有鳥仔佇飛。（動態）
其他類動詞的存在句
一元動詞
例句 格式
1a 樹仔骹倒一個儂 處所+動詞+名詞
1b 有一個儂倒佇樹仔骹 有+名詞+動詞+處所 1c 有一個儂佇樹仔骹倒咧 有+名詞+處所+動詞+咧 1d 樹仔骹有一個儂倒咧 處所+有+名詞+動詞+咧
三元動詞
例句 格式
2a 桌仔頂囥一盆花 處所+動詞+名詞
2b 有一盆花囥佇桌仔頂 有+名詞+動詞+處所 2c ?有一盆花佇桌仔頂囥咧 有+名詞+處所+動詞+咧 2d ?桌仔頂有一盆花囥咧 處所+有+名詞+動詞+咧
2. Psych-Verb Constructions
閩南戲文茘鏡記感受動詞及其句式的探索
2. (甲) 感受者主語句- 感受者主語句是以下列的格式表示:
『感受者』+ ______ + 『感受對象』
2.1. (甲A) 帶感受對象的感受者主語句
2.1.1. (甲A1) 『感受者』+ 『單音節感受動詞』+ 『感受對象』
e.g., 啞娘, 都牢伊愛恁錢 爹媽惜仔如惜金 我做乜不痛伊 2.1.2. (甲A2)『感受者』+『雙音節感受動詞』+ 『感受對象』
e.g., 怨切身命 煩惱乜事
其他類動詞的存在句
二元動詞
例句 格式
3a 壁頂畫兩隻兔仔 處所+動詞+名詞
3b *有兩隻兔仔畫佇壁頂 有+名詞+動詞+處所
3c *有兩隻兔仔佇壁頂畫咧 有+名詞+處所+動詞+咧
3d *壁頂有兩隻兔仔畫咧 處所+有+名詞+動詞+咧
2. Psych-Verb Constructions
(cont.)2.1.3. (甲A3) 『感受者』+ 『感受動詞』+ 『子句補語感受對 象』
e.g., 我畏無物通乞你食
2.1.4. (甲A4) 『感受者』+ 『感受動詞』+『感受對象』+ 『表 原因的子句補語』
e.g., 嫌仔婿生得怯世
2.1.5. (甲A5) 『感受者』+ 「著」 + 『感受對象/施事』+「割 吊」/「割」
e.g., 冥日著伊割吊
2.2. (甲B)不帶感受對象的感受者主語句
2. Psych-Verb Constructions (cont.) 2. Psych-Verb Constructions (cont.)
3.1.2. (乙A2)『感受對象』+ 「合/中/稱」+『感受者』+ 「意/心
儂」、「悶儂」exasperating, annoying, enticing, boring
2. Psych-Verb Constructions (cont.)
2. Psych-Verb Constructions (cont.)
甲式和乙式的轉換關係
2. Psych-Verb Constructions (cont.)
(乙A1c)『感受對象』+ 『複合使動動詞』 +『感受者』+
Depictives in Taiwanese Southern Min
X-V-Y-ADJ Types
1 Mary made her teacher angry. Causative 阿蘭仔惹? 因老師受氣
2 The fisherman found the cliff quite steep. Small clause 掠魚的發現溪坎真崎
3 Joan saw Mike sleepy. Perception Verb 阿香仔看見萬仔愛睏愛睏.
4 Tom often eats the oyster raw. Depictive 阿明仔定定生食蠔仔
5 The blacksmith hammered the hoe flat. Resultative 拍鐵的共鋤頭摃扁•去
3. Depictive Constructions
(cont.) Depictives in Taiwanese Southern Min
Depictives in TSM Subject-hosted Depictives Nsub-Vadjunct-V-Nobj, 6a He was frying rice naked.
6b 伊褪剝裼佇炒飯
While he was naked, he was frying rice.
6c 伊佇炒飯的時陣褪剝裼
When he was frying rice, he was naked.
3. Depictive Constructions (cont.)
Depictives in Taiwanese Southern Min
Resultatives
Object-hosted Resultatives NP1-V-XP-NP2
9a 阿明槓破花杆
‘Mike broke the vase’
9b 囡仔車倒牛奶
‘The baby spilt the milk’
3. Depictive Constructions (cont.)
Depictives in Taiwanese Southern Min
Object-hosted Depictives
Languages Construction Types TSM1 NP1-XP-V-NP2
7a 伊生食蠔仔
TSM2 NP1-V-XP-NP2
7b 伊食生蠔仔
English NP1-V-NP2-XP 7c He eats the oyster raw.
3. Depictive Constructions (cont.)
Depictives in Taiwanese Southern Min
Special Constructions Na2 若 X Na2若 Y
10a 若飲咖啡若會
while drink coffee while discuss
‘talk over coffee’
10b 若盹交睡若看電視
‘nod while watching T.V’
3. Depictive Constructions (cont.)
Depictives in Taiwanese Southern Min
Resultatives
Subject-hosted Resultatives NP1-V-NP2-XP
8a 阿蘭仔飲酒醉矣
‘Lisa became drunk by drinking’
8b 咱食飯飽則來去散步
‘Let’s finish eating and then take a walk’
4. Middle Constructions
Middles in Taiwanese Southern Min:
Interface of Lexical Meaning and Event Structure
Hierarchical Structure for Middles
A pluractional middle also involves the feature of non-veridicality Pluractional middles are
dispositionals. Dispositionals are subject-oriented and can be construed as attributing a
dispositional property to the subject in question.
They also involve an element of modality, modality involving the notion of possible world and subjectivity (Stein & Wright 1995).
2. Pluractional Middles in TSM Defined
Pluractional Middles in TSM result from a valency-reducing operation in which u7 有 as the generalization (GEN) operator or its negative counterpart bo5 無 triggers a change of two-place predicate to one-place predicate.
The internal argument becomes the subject of the sentence while the external argument is suppressed.