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only the recycling technologies that are implemented to include the social and ideological context of these technologies.
7.3 Future research
Observing the current role of the Tzu Chi Foundation as an NGO has here been done from an incentive perspective, evaluated on its contribution to recycling success. Future studies may want to focus on its economic impacts. Problematic here is however that the informal sector, which in Taiwan is of considerable size, is difficult to map and study accurately; studies have attempted this before, but a credible estimation still needs to be published.
Further studies may also attempt to find similar cases and subject them to the same tests as done here, to come to insights as to how especially non-material incentives can be harnessed by groups to further recycling, or steer towards other purposes. This would greatly improve the practical application of incentive theory. Comparative material could provide further insights as to which factors are crucial in building a well-aligned NGO or even recycling sector as a whole.
Further work needs to be done to develop the practical application of incentive theory as a policy tool, further investigating incentive dynamics in policy and institutional
environments. This thesis has provided a visual framework; however, future studies can focus on incorporating the reciprocation of actions on other actors’ incentives, to further develop this framework. Whereas observed here throughout the study, it was not
incorporated into the framework; this could for example be done if the framework is viewed as a ‘repeated game’, applying it to successive periods for a set of actors over to arrive at insights as to how these actions affect others’ incentives and incentive dynamics.
7.4 Limitations
This thesis has developed an understanding of NGO impact in an MSWM sector. It must be noted that there are some limitations to this research, too. Firstly, the nature of the research was to look into how incentive caused the organizations to contribute. This
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translate to an analysis of positive effects; while no strong evidence for negative effects was found, this was not the main focus of the study. For a more complete picture, a future study may focus on the complete set of advantages and disadvantages of the Tzu Chi Foundation’s activities- or an NGO’s activity in general.
A second limitation lies with the nature of the organization that was analyzed for this thesis, and relates to the first one. While it was attempted to control for bias by analyzing newspapers and external reports where available, glorification such as pointed out by Huang (2009) may have influenced the analyses toward a more positive direction. It was attempted to control for overly positive bias by checking facts and numbers from other sources, but the storyline may have been influenced by the organization’s storytelling.
A third limitation is the goals on which the NGO’s role was evaluated. These goals are traditionally closer to the NGO’s ideals than what governments commonly pursued or could pursue during the 1990s. Nevertheless, they are accepted as the standard by at least Taiwanese governments today, as outlined in the Resource Recycling Act, and commonly accepted in both academia and practice as two important indicators of recycling success.
Nevertheless, a future study may want to focus more on the economic impacts of an NGO in recycling; currently however, too little is formally known about the scale of informal sector, with estimations running far apart, as indicated in chapter 4.1.
A fourth limitation lies in the scale of analysis that was taken in this thesis. The main topic of study was a large organization, making it impossible to identify at times where individual incentives were. Instead, an approach was chosen where the Tzu Chi
Foundation was considered as an actor. Important to mention is that this requires some
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‧ Appendix 1: Methods data table.
Table 12 Methods data table. Source: own.
Types of data Data
Qualitative Recycling incentives for Tzu Chi volunteers
Interviews, Tzu Chi Quarterly, Tzu Chi Nianjian (Yearbook) 2006-2011
‧
Note: this protocol was followed, but questions deviated from order and phrasing as the conversation progressed. Question list was used to check whether information required was provided.
1. This research focuses on Taiwanese recycling of plastics & paper, and specifically the Tzu Chi Foundation’s / DaAi Technology Corporation’s role in this. Main factors the why of the organizations and its people to recycle, and what exactly did they do. My goal is to see how this grew since the Tzu Chi Foundation began recycling until now, and see how it affects Taiwanese recycling success.
2. If you could refer me to other possible interviewees that would be greatly appreciated too. These will be interviewed for both confirmation and adding to the data. One interview will not be accepted by my thesis committee as a base of data.
3. After the interview, I will provide a preliminary transcript within a few days, so that you may check the answers provided and I can make changes if necessary.
4. If possible, I would greatly appreciate documents, statistics and possible other resources that will help understand the answers to these questions, provide evidence, or any other information you think may be relevant. These may be either English or Chinese; I have limited translation help available.
5. Please consider the questions below. If something is unclear, feel free to ask beforehand or during the interview.
6. On the interview day, I may ask additional questions to clarify responses. The question order may differ, depending on the answers.
Interview:
Ask questions, small talk: Weather, recent recycling events.
Also: how long has the interviewee been with the organization? What is their position?
Interview is about Tzu Chi, explain goal.
Ask for agreement on recording.
Questions:
1. When, how and why did Tzu Chi start recycling, and how did this develop over time?
a. When and why did they start?
b. Please tell me about the initial goals of the Tzu Chi Foundation when they started recycling. How did these evolve later?
c. How did they start?
d. Could you provide information about the scale over time? E.g.
‧
recycling plants, number of volunteers, volumes (paper and plastics) recycled?
e. How did and does the Tzu Chi Foundation motivate its volunteers to recycle?
f. Did this change over time?
g. How does the Tzu Chi Foundation collect its plastics and paper, and what did they do with them?
h. Did the Tzu Chi Foundation coordinate its activities with the government?
i. Did the Tzu Chi Foundation cooperate with private parties throughout its history?
2. How did Tzu Chi’s and DaAi’s recycling develop further?
a. Why did the Tzu Chi Foundation set up DaAi Technology Corporation?
b. Did the goals of the Tzu Chi Foundation and DaAi Technology Corporation change over time? E.g. better sorted, etc? Why?
c. Funds from recycling are said to be donated to DaAi TV. What was done with these funds before that?
d. How is (new) knowledge about sorting, etc, spread to other recycling points?
e. In 2006, the recycling (especially of PET bottles) went up spectacularly.
What do you think is the reason for that?
f. What are the changes that you see overtime in the process?
g. Has it gotten more difficult to collect recyclables for Tzu Chi?
3. What is the current state of affairs?
a. What are the Tzu Chi Foundation’s and DaAi Corporation’s current reasons to recycle?
b. What are their current goals? How were these influenced by previous events? What are the goals within recycling?
b. What are their current goals? How were these influenced by previous events? What are the goals within recycling?