Comparison result (ANOVA & T-Test) based on personal characteristics . 25

One-factor analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) is conducted to compare the different levels regarding the Leadership style and Employee and satisfaction as well as Employee loyalty between various types of business and is shown in table 4.11.

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Table 4.11: Comparisons based on types of ownership – ANOVA

• The differentiation has significance when sig <0.05

With all significance levels greater than 0.05, it can be said that there are no differences between employees at other types of business ownership when evaluating the leadership style as well as satisfaction and loyalty.

4.5.2.2 Comparison result of T-TEST

To compare the mean of observed variables regarding age, educational attainment and seniority, we use the Independent samples T-test.

Before testing the mean, we conduct the homogeneity of two variances (Levene’s test) to identify which test results will be used.

Based on the result of Levene’s test, we will consider the testing result t. If the value Sig. in the Levene’s test < 0.05,there are differences between two variances, we will use the testing result in the section of Equal variances not assumed. Conversely, if the value Sig in

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the Levene’s test >= 0.05, there are no differences between two variances. Thus, we will use the testing result in the section of Equal variances assumed.

After choosing the testing result t which will be used, we continue to compare the value sig. (sig. (2 tailed) in the t testing. If sig. (2 tailed) < 0.05, we can conclude that the differentiation has significance regarding the mean between groups. If sig. (2 tailed) >= 0.05, we can conclude that there are no significant differences regarding the mean between groups.

 Comparison based on employee age

The ages of respondents are divided into two following groups: 30 or younger and above 30.

The testing result of the mean shows that there are no differences in satisfaction and loyalty between age groups.

The testing result of the mean also represents that there are no differences between age groups in terms of evaluations of leadership style.

 Comparison based on educational attainment

The testing result depicts that even there are differences between variances regarding loyalty level between two groups of educational attainment (graduate and post-graduate), the testing result of the mean shows no differences between these groups in terms of satisfaction and loyalty level.

The result of Levene’s test illustrates that even there are differences between variances of two groups of educational attainments; the testing result of the mean proves that there are no differences between groups of educational attainment regarding evaluations of transformational leadership.

 Comparison based on seniority

The testing result of the mean also illustrates that there are no differences between employee groups regarding seniority (less than 5 years and 5 years and above) in level of satisfaction and loyalty as well as evaluations of transformational leadership.

4.5.3 The testing result of descriptive statistics

4.5.3.1 Descriptive statistics of the practical use of transformational leadership In accordance with the results of descriptive statistics in table 4.12, it can be seen that there is no significant difference regarding evaluations of transformational leadership between types of business ownership. When conducting extensive research, we can realize that the factor group “Leader’s prestige and Ability to use employees’ capacity” is always evaluated higher than the factor group “Motivation and Care about individuals” at all types of business ownership. Employees at the private economic sector evaluate “Leader’s prestige

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and Ability to use employees’ capacity” as the highest, whereas for State-owned enterprises, the factor group “Motivation and Care about individuals” is evaluated as the highest.

Table 4.12: The result of descriptive statistics regarding transformational leadership based on types of business ownership

N Mean Standard

Notation: 1 –Strongly disagree 2 - Disagree

3 –Neitheragree nor disagree 4 -Agree 5- Strongly

agree

It can be explained as follows: at private enterprises, the systematic characteristic of assigning jobs, rewarding, fining and encouraging employees is not essential. Employees are therefore directly affected by their leaders every day. Consequently, employees will highly evaluate their leaders for the expressions of prestige and the ability to use employees’

capacity.

On the other hand, at State-owned enterprises which are still considered as being heavy with bureaucracy, distinction of rank and seniority compared to private enterprises and foreign-owned companies, employees will highly evaluate their leaders for the expressions

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of building motivation and caring their individuals.

The result of descriptive statistics of transformational leadership based on employee age shows that there is no significant difference in the way they evaluate transformational leadership between employees of different age groups.

The result of descriptive statistics of transformational leadership based on employee qualifications shows that there is no significant difference in the way they evaluate transformational leadership between employees who have various educational attainment.

The result of descriptive statistics of transformational leadership based on employee’s seniority shows that there is no significant difference in the way they evaluate transformational leadership between employees who have different seniority.

4.5.3.2 Descriptive statistics of practical application of employee satisfaction and loyalty

Regarding the results of descriptive statistics in table 4.13, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in terms of the level of employee satisfaction and loyalty at enterprises which have different types of business ownership.

Table 4.13: The results of descriptive statistics of employee satisfaction and loyalty based on types of business ownership

N Mean Standard

Notation:1 –Strongly disagree2 – Disagree3 –Neither agree nor disagree4 –Agree5- Strongly agree

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The result of descriptive statistics of employee satisfaction and loyal based on age shows that there is no significant difference regarding the level of employee satisfaction and loyalty at different ages.

The result of descriptive statistics of employee satisfaction and loyal based on qualifications shows that there is no significant difference regarding the level of employee satisfaction and loyalty at different groups of qualifications.

The result of descriptive statistics of employee satisfaction and loyal based on employee’s seniority shows that there is no significant difference regarding the level of employee satisfaction and loyalty at different groups of employee’s seniority.

4.6 TESTING RESULTS OF HYPOTHESES