Concluding Remarks

Most previous studies employ a traditional gravity model to examine empiri-cally the impact of PRs protection on international trade. However, they ignore firm-level extensive and/or intensive margin changes. Although the HMR model has the advantage of correcting potential biases embodied in the standard gravity estimation of trade flows, the PPML methodology is suggested to address the het-eroscedasticity problem, which the HMR model is unable to handle.

This paper investigates comprehensively how differences in PRs protection between countries influences Taiwan’s semiconductor exports to 119 destination countries from 1995 to 2010 by utilizing the HMR model and the PPML method.

The empirical results presented in our study show that patent reform in an importing country acts first as a stimulus for attracting new semiconductor exports from Tai-wan and later as a stimulus for expanding the export activity of firms already active in the market. We confirm the effectiveness of an importing country’s patent coor-dination in increasing importation of high-tech goods from Taiwan under different model specifications. By investigating Taiwan’s semiconductor exports, we provide important empirical evidence on the linkage between PRs protection and interna-tional trade.

For future research, further exploration into different industries would certainly be a start, the outcomes of which would be fruitful for providing beneficial policies to support synchronization of patent regimes around the world.

A pp en di x

List of Sample Countries (continued) IDCodeCountry NameIncomeReligionPR 1995PR 2000PR 2005Y 1995Y 2003Y 2010 19CIVIvory Coast20.0125581.902.363.061507200 20CMRCameroon20.0269882.102.233.061922900 21COGCongo20.0293671.902.233.060590 22COLColombia30.0362702.743.593.7288129306353247046 23CRICosta Rica30.0305371.562.892.8921451644330229366 24CYPCyprus40.0401902.783.483.4866067108677082 25CZECzech Republic40.0048402.963.214.33525379328407856529784 26DEUGermany40.0225814.174.504.501403770992680216601160402479 27DNKDenmark40.0296404.544.674.67233620457505207481463 28DOMDominican Republic30.0370502.322.452.825956929851112569 29DZAAlgeria30.0000002.743.073.0739461826782492 30ECUEcuador30.0333842.043.733.7314591162551870 31EGYEgypt20.0039001.731.862.7730105935793732115724 32ESPSpain40.0264424.214.334.3363102029032731398595943 33ETHEthiopia10.0244530.002.002.13000 34FINFinland40.0280804.424.544.6719257131061693011964474 35FJIFiji30.0251552.202.402.409153220809145274 36FRAFrance40.0273614.544.674.678753161569006365266633635 37GABGabon40.0319802.102.233.0600940 38GBRUnited Kingdom40.0232054.544.544.5415554921758354220245462859 39GHAGhana20.0277682.833.153.35225908908

List of Sample Countries (continued) IDCodeCountry NameIncomeReligionPR 1995PR 2000PR 2005Y 1995Y 2003Y 2010 40GRCGreece40.0331503.473.974.30297820223653493704072 41GRDGrenada30.0336961.762.483.02000 42GTMGuatemala20.0390001.081.283.1510920773112 43GUYGuyana20.0249601.131.331.78000 44HKGHong Kong40.0954002.903.813.811506313312886167561216644414024 45HNDHonduras20.0339301.902.862.980022534 46HTIHaiti40.0324482.582.902.901704900 47HUNHungary30.0205924.044.044.5030026029334869165049276 48IDNIndonesia20.0070381.562.472.77135819145763516365497178 49INDIndia10.0008121.232.273.761869272943002581214270826 50IRLIreland40.0316684.144.674.672229863612262092023345866 51IRNIran30.0001171.911.911.9122102318834482333358 52IRQIraq20.0003902.122.121.780012817 53ISLIceland40.0306542.683.383.51942498079593774 54ISRIsrael40.0007803.144.134.1355128371700640535779920 55ITAItaly40.0312004.334.674.67538942822130604452168759 56JAMJamaica30.0268712.863.063.36000 57JORJordan20.0008581.083.033.4313622721221718655 58JPNJapan40.2363894.424.674.6771693752023293531266242143159 59KENKenya20.0323702.432.883.2224192074727997470 60KORKorea (South)40.0654793.894.134.3339647679116370024865095668806

List of Sample Countries (continued) IDCodeCountry NameIncomeReligionPR 1995PR 2000PR 2005Y 1995Y 2003Y 2010 61LBRLiberia10.0333842.112.112.11170961130120 62LKASri Lanka20.2506922.983.113.111068001615909153552 63LTULithuania30.0320192.693.484.003346338700559285 64LUXLuxembourg40.0274563.894.144.14171684413272010732982125 65MARMorocco201.783.063.526139011919747317533 66MDGMadagascar10.0159901.852.312.3155200 67MEXMexico30.0353733.143.683.88673888520477516170322288 68MLIMali10.0009361.982.102.93000 69MLTMalta40.0351001.603.183.486423818631898875051 70MMRBurma (Myanmar)10.3127050.200.200.20253738931121526 71MOZMozambique10.0218790.001.062.52601100 72MRTMauritania20.0000001.982.433.27000 73MUSMauritius30.0127581.931.932.5773137608655291655 74MWIMalawi10.0337742.032.152.1518240906 75MYSMalaysia30.0747822.703.033.482372856897528646081736609425 76NERNiger10.0078001.782.102.933125200 77NGANigeria20.0156002.862.863.18542113334893004 78NICNicaragua20.0324481.122.162.973703864 79NLDNetherlands40.0152884.544.674.67476580491453532872369540330 80NORNorway40.0304983.884.004.1778813326670944098389 81NPLNepal10.0323161.791.792.1914805011623123

List of Sample Countries (continued) IDCodeCountry NameIncomeReligionPR 1995PR 2000PR 2005Y 1995Y 2003Y 2010 82NZLNew Zealand40.0222194.014.014.01159792618762201017311 83PAKPakistan20.0014041.382.202.4066172491076537551 84PANPanama30.0390001.463.643.6410341062736131 85PERPeru30.0365822.733.323.32356483957528976 86PHLPhilippines20.0340862.563.984.18576471596975117531854702317 87PNGPapua New Guinea20.0375960.001.401.6055350021123 88POLPoland30.0346713.463.924.2123124517884107213837339 89PRTPortugal40.0328773.354.014.3851352282431586429806 90PRYParaguay20.0345541.532.392.89979565913511520027 91ROMRomania30.0361143.523.724.171450196493384095598 92RUSRussia Federation30.0076053.483.683.681121524393885218893932 93RWARwanda10.0363481.952.282.28000 94SAUSaudi Arabia401.831.832.981334128279910206960 95SDNSudan202.612.612.61058945275 96SENSenegal20.0014041.982.102.9316691636320 97SGPSingapore40.1577283.884.014.21119140947427021529626985664431 98SLESierra Leone10.0081122.452.982.98000 99SLVEl Salvador20.0335403.233.363.48068011622 100SVKSlovak Republic30.0288602.962.764.2110563453010526303372 101SWESweden40.0247654.424.544.5412419085831781915713134 102SWZSwaziland20.0351001.982.432.43028310

List of Sample Countries (continued) IDCodeCountry NameIncomeReligionPR 1995PR 2000PR 2005Y 1995Y 2003Y 2010 103TCDChad10.0171991.782.102.93000 104TGOTogo10.0113101.982.102.930076641 105THAThailand30.3343282.412.532.66113991158224961423852714172 106TTOTrinidad And Tobago30.0215282.333.633.75057799 107TUNTunisia201.652.323.2542070375762034575 108TURTurkey302.654.014.01100538325521471106852955 109TZATanzania10.0257462.322.642.640011587 110UGAUganda10.0329162.852.982.9800429 111UKRUkraine20.0390003.683.683.688834561259316720707 112URYUruguay30.0226982.073.273.391053162823042940 113USAUnited States40.0293814.884.884.88241197886616213014921731445379 114VENVenezuela40.0382202.823.323.32128336139622144670 115VNMViet Nam10.0308122.902.903.0313492164310891120822742 116ZAFSouth Africa30.0310833.394.264.268140210925844735506201 117ZARZaire (Dem Rep Congo)10.0273001.581.782.23000 118ZMBZambia20.0372451.621.741.94000 119ZWEZimbabwe20.0340862.282.602.601606417831613 Notes: Income classifications: 1 for low-income (23 countries); 2 for lower-middle-income (32 countries); 3 for upper-middle-income (30 countries); 4 for high-income (34 countries).

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專利權保護與高科技產品出口：

臺灣的新證據