Potential Vectors of Pierce’s Disease in Taiwan: Ecology and Integrated Management
3. Educational promotion
In order to increase farmers’ awareness of the knowledge regarding PD symptoms and the favorable environment for potential insect vectors, Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (BAPHIQ) invites Su and Shih to hold informational meetings about the integrated management of PD and potential insect vector every year.
So farmers can observe and cut down their infected grapevines, as well as prevent the host plants of potential insect vectors. At Bai-mao-tai 60 studying site, for example, after weed control by the farmers, the population of potential insect vectors was significantly reduced, and the numbers of PD-infected grapevines also continued to decline each year.
Future Prospects
PD was first reported in Taiwan in 2002. Since then, the researchers under the suggestion and support of the government performed immediate eradication of infected grapevines. Later, a cooperation between Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substance Research Institute and Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute was established to study PD and the ecology of the leafhopper vectors, set up the management of potential insect vectors at different agriculture environments, investigate the hosts of pathogens and potential insect vectors, and reduce the population densities of pathogens and potential insect vectors in fields, thereby reducing economic losses.
Unfortunately, over the past decade, the researches on insect-mediated diseases and insect vectors received limited governmental funding. The studies of the potential insect vectors of PD in Taiwan, for example, require research works on technologies about monitoring migration of insect vectors and their feeding behavior, test of disease transmission, statistical population ecology, biological control, microbial control and new non-chemical materials. Therefore, it is urgent to incorporate domestic or international interdisciplinary collaborative researches, and to train research teams in this area which is one of the main purposes of this international symposium. With the publication of the papers presented at this symposium and the records of group discussions, it is expected to highlight the main scheme and bottlenecks of researches
on insect-mediated pathogens and insect vectors which can be a vital reference for the authorities in agriculture sector and researchers to develop related research plans. The scholars who participate in this international academic symposium are welcome to maintain cooperation with researchers in Taiwan. Together, the fundamental knowledge of insect-mediated pathogens and insect vectors would be built, and the technology that can fulfill the needs of the industry will be created in the future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This seminar was supported by the grants (102AS-4.1.1-CI-C1 and 102AS-4.1.1-ST-a3). As the project director, the first author is grateful to the agencies for the financial supports.
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Table 1. From January, 2009 to August, 2011, the monthly average temperature and total rainfall, and the populations of Kolla paulula at Bai-mao-tai area of Hsinshe District in Taichung City 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2009 The period of peak occurrence (every ten days)
※※ ○○ □□ Monthly average temperature 12.16 ℃ 18.59 ℃17.71 ℃19.99 ℃23.25 ℃25.48 ℃ 26.14 ℃26.32 ℃25.62 ℃23.75℃19.82 ℃ 15.23 ℃ Monthly total rainfall 0 mm 15 mm 189.7 mm385.6 mm22 mm 93.8 mm 111 mm996.5 mm27.5 mm13.5 mm23.5 mm 22.5 mm 2010 The period of peak occurrence (every ten days)
※※ ○ □ Monthly average temperature 14.95 ℃ 16.86 ℃19.34 ℃20.73 ℃24.68 ℃25.22 ℃ 26.84 ℃26.28 ℃25.68 ℃23.43 ℃18.66 ℃ 15.46 ℃ Monthly total rainfall 47.9 mm 155.8 mm32.5 mm171.5 mm26 mm 795 mm 392 mm376.5 mm228.8 mm6.5 mm22.9 mm 37.3 mm 2011 The period of peak occurrence (every ten days)
※※※ ○ □ Monthly average temperature - 15.04 ℃15.54 ℃20.71 ℃23.98 ℃27 ℃ 26.56 ℃27.01 ℃- - - - Monthly total rainfall - 33.5 mm52.5 mm2.5 mm 157.5 mm185 mm 354.2 mm250 mm- - - - Remarks: represents the first peak of the population occurred every year; □ represents the second peak of the population occurr※ed every year; ○ represents the third peak of the population occurred every year.