Figure 1 A schematic drawing of the Gung-Guan Subway Station.
(a)
(b)
Figure 2
Photos of the interior of GGSS. (a) A view from the top of the stair connecting the lobby and the platform floors. It is seen that the cut-off area of the lobby floor renders the interior of station becoming a connected large open space. (b) A view from the hallway of the lobby floor close to Exits C and D. On the top of photo is the vertical smoke blocking wall (SBW) made of plexiglass. (c) A view looking into the entrance of Exit C, the largest exit of GGSS. (d) The ventilation gates (round shape, 9 in the picture) and the smoke exhaust gates (SEG, square shape, two in the picture) on the ceiling.
(a) (c)
(b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
(b) (d)
Figure 3 The three-dimensional stereo view of the smoke distribution in GGSS due to
a fire locating on the left of the lobby floor. Each sub-figure shows (a) the temperature distribution and (b) the velocity vectors on several VCS planes: one longitudinal VCS passes through the middle of station, one transverse VCS locates on the left hallway connecting the lobby and the stairwells and two sit on the center of the stairwells.300.00 325.00 350.00 375.00 400.00
(a)
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 (m/s)
(b)
Figure 4 Smoke propagation due to fires at different locations. Groups A, B, and C
show the smoke on the VCS plane cutting through the middle of station, and Group D show the smoke on the HCS plane locating one meter below the ceiling. In Group A, the fire occurs on the right of the lobby floor, the smoke is evacuated out of the station due to stack effect. In Group B, the fire occurs on the center of the lobby floor, the smoke propagates randomly in the station. In Group C, the fire occurs on the right of platform floor, the smoke moves to both the platform and the lobby floor, the stack effect is not so predominant as in Group A. In Group D, the sub-figures D(a), D(b) and D(c) correspond to A(e), B(e), and C(e), respectively. It is seen that the smoke propagation of Group B (fire at center) is the most serious case.Group A
(a) t = 30 s (d) t = 3 m
(b) t = 1 m (e) t = 5 m
(c) t = 2 m (f) t = 10 m
Group B
(a) t = 30 s (d) t = 3 m
(b) t = 1 m (e) t = 5 m
(c) t = 2 m (f) t = 10 m
Group C
(a) t = 30 s (d) t = 3 m
(b) t = 1 m (e) t = 5 m
(c) t = 2 m (f) t = 10 m
Group D
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 4 (end)
Figure 5 Stack effect on the smoke propagation in GGSS. In Group A, the fire occurs
on the left of the lobby floor, Exits A and B compete to evacuate the smoke and eventually Exit B predominates. In Group B, the fire occurs on the center of the platform floor, the Exits A and B on the left and the Exits C and D on the right compete to evacuate smoke, and the Exits on the right predominate eventually.Group A
(a) t = 20 s (c) t = 6 m
(b) t = 1 m (d) t = 10 m
Group B
(a) t = 20 s (c) t = 5 m
(b) t = 1 m (d) t = 10 m
Figure 6 Effects of smoke control due to different smoke-control schemes. In all
cases considered, the fire occurs on the center of the platform floor. In Group A, no smoke control system is engaged, the smoke is driven due to the stack effect and is propagating to the right of station. In Group B, the SEG is on, the stack effect is suppressed by the suction of SEG, rendering the smoke stay in the central part of station. In Group C, the TVF and UPE are active, a great majority of smoke is evacuated through the tunnels due to TVF while a minority of smoke is evacuated through the openings of UPE, leaving a small part of smoke in the central part of station. Group D shows clearly at t = 1m that (a) only a small part of smoke stays in the station and (b) a strong stream of smoke passes through the tunnels due to TVF.Group A
(a) t = 30 s (d) t = 4 m
(b) t = 1 m (e) t = 6 m
(c) t = 2 m (f) t = 10 m
Group B
(a) t = 30 s (d) t = 4 m
(b) t = 1 m (e) t = 6 m
(c) t = 2 m (f) t = 10 m
Group C
(a) t = 30 s (d) t = 4 m
(b) t = 1 m (see Group D) (e) t = 6 m
(c) t = 2 m (f) t = 10 m
Group D
(a)
(b)
Figure 6 (end)
Figure 7 Velocity vectors in different cross sectional planes at t = 6m. The fire occurs
on the center of the platform floor, all TVF, UPE and SEG are active. (a) The HCS plane is two meters above the platform floor. Due to the strong suction of TVF, the flow velocities in the four tunnels are as high as 5m/s, and so are the flows in the vicinity of the two escalators moving down from lobby floor to platform floor. (b) The HCS plane is two meters below the ceiling. Strong streams of fresh air move through the four Exits into station. (c) The VCS plane is on the center of the left lobby. Strong streams of fresh air move in the left lobby. (d) The VCS plane is on the center of the right lobby. Strong stream of fresh air moves through Exit D into station.(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
End (Figure 7)
Figure 8 (a) The PED of a subway station in the Jubilee line of London subway
system. (b) The platform floor of GGSS without PED.(a) (b)
Figure 9 A comparison between the smoke distributions in GGSS with and without
PED. The fire occurs on the center of platform, all the smoke control schemes TVF, UPE and SEG are active. Sub-figures (a), (b) and (c) are the smoke distributions at t = 40sec on the VCS plane at the middle of station, on the HCS plane one meter below the ceiling, and on the HCS plane two meters above the platform floor, respectively;all are for the case without PED. Sub-figure (d), (e) and (f) are for the same cross sectional planes while with PED, where all the doors are opened so that the smoke can be sucked into the tunnels through the doors by TVF. Sub-figure (f) shows clearly that the smoke pass through each door due to TVF.
(a) (d)
(b) (e)
(c) (f)
Figure 10 Smoke flow in GGSS at t = 40sec when only 8 selected doors near the fire
are opened. The fire occurs near the center of the platform floor, all TVF, UPE and SEG are active. (a) The smoke distribution on the VCS plane at the middle of station.(b) The smoke distribution on the HCS plane one meter below the ceiling. (c) The smoke distribution on the HCS plane two meters above the platform floor. (d) The velocity vectors corresponding to (c).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 11 Smoke propagation in GGSS with PED when fire occurs on the chasses of the central wagon of train. The VCS plane locates 0.25 meter from the wall of tunnel.
It is seen that the smoke moves along the ceiling of tunnel, being sucked into tunnels by the TVF at the two sides of station.
(a) t = 10 s
(b) t = 30 s
(c) t = 1 m
(d) t = 2 m
(e) t = 3 m
(f) t = 5 m
(g) t = 10 m
Figure 12 The same case with Fig. 11, the HCS plane locates two meters above the
platform floor. The smoke is well restricted in the tunnel space, due both to the suction of TVF and the existence of PED.(a) t = 10 s (e) t = 3 m
(b) t = 30 s (f) t = 5 m
(c) t = 1 m (g) t = 10 m
(d) t = 2 m
Figure 13 The same case with Fig. 11, the VCS plane cut through the center of the
wagon on fire. All the doors of PED and train are opened to evacuate passengers. It is seen that only a small part of smoke moves into station.(a) t = 10 s (g) t = 3 m
(b) t = 30 s (h) t = 5 m
(c) t = 1 m (i) t = 10 m
(d) t = 2 m
Figure 14 A comparison case to Fig. 13 while without PED. A large amount of smoke
moves into station, the suction of TVF is not so effective as that of Fig. 13.(a) t = 10 s (g) t = 3 m
(b) t = 30 s (h) t = 5 m
(c) t = 1 m (i) t = 10 m
(d) t = 2 m