3.1 The Results of the Written Data in 1988 and 2010
3.1.7 Other Englishized Patterns
According to previous researches, there are some other new Englishized patterns: other prepositions (i.e.有關 youguan, 對於 duiyu), the use of zhiyi ‗one of‘
and the pattern qianzhe…houzhe ‗the former…the latter‘. To further confirm that they are Englishized expressions without any existence before modern Chinese, we examined ‗Dream of the Red Chamber‘ (published in mid-17th century) and found that none of these patterns occurred in ‗Dream of the Red Chamber‘. Therefore, these structures are treated as Englishized patterns. Below each structure is discussed in
turn.
3.1.7.1 Other Prepositions
The phrases 有關 youguan ‗about; related to‘, 對於 duiyu ‗as for‘, and 由於 youyu ‗because of‘ are translated from English phrases ‗about‘, ‗concerning‘ (Wang, 1947; Yu, 2006). Hsu (1994) observed that such usage is used widely in news reports and also formal registers.
The examples of these prepositions in our written data reveal that 有關 youguan, 對 於 duiyu and 針對 jendui serve the same purpose, namely, introducing or discussing a topic (Chao, 1968). 由於 youyu means ‗because‘, so its usage and position is the same as the phrase 因為 yinwei ‗because‘, placed in the beginning of the clause. On the other hand, 有關 youguan is commonly used in the final position and co-occurs with the conjunction 和 han, 跟 gen or 與 yu. It may or may not be followed by noun phrases, as shown in (88) and (89) respectively:
(88) 第二 方面 是 說 包括 彭鳳至 任 官 都 跟 Di er fangmian shi shuo baokuo pengfengzhi ren guan dou gen Second aspect C/F say include PN do official all with
> 馬英九 有點 知 恩 圖 報 有關 mayingjiu youdian zhi en tu bao youguan PN a bit know favor want return relate
‗The second aspect is that including the inauguration of Peng Feng-zhi, it is related with Ma Ying- jiu‘s gratitude.‘ (2010)
(89) 然後 用 化學 藥物 檢查 是否 有 與 爆炸 Ranhou yong huaxue yaowu jiancha shifou you yu baozha Then use chemical drug examine whether have with explode
> 物質 有關 的 殘留 wuzhi youguan de canliu substancce relate NM residue
‗Then using chemical substances to examine wherther there are residues related to explosive substances or not.‘ (2010)
Another two Englishized prepositions are 針對 jendui and 對於 duiyu. They can
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be placed in the beginning of the clause, as in (90) or follow the subject, as in (91).
‗Concerning the domestic media reports for Mr. Cai Guo-qiang, they had also been transformed into a piece of work.‘ (2010)
‗The two parties‘ strategic thoughts toward the layout of five capitals election also become gradually clear.‘ (2010) prepositions in the written data in 1988 and 2010
Year of data
3.1.7.2 之一 Zhiyi ‘one of’
之一 zhiyi is directly translated from ‗one of‘ in English, and Wang (1947) claimed that there was no such construction in traditional Chinese. From the examples (92) and (93) we can observe that zhiyi can be omitted without influencing the contexts.
(92) 自由 與 隱私 權 被 西方 社會 視 為 基本 人權 之一 Ziyou yu yinsi quan bei xifang shehui shi wei jiben renquan zhiyi Freedom and privacy right BEI west society see as basis human right of one
‗Freedom and privacy are considered as one of the basic human rights in western society.‘ (2010)
(93) >台灣 經濟 回 春 的 動力 之一 是 各國 Taiwan jingji hui chun de dongli zhiyi shi ge guo
Taiwan economic back spring DE power of one C/F each nation
政府 為 金融 與 企業 紓 困 所 採取 的 擴大 zhengfu wei jinrong yu qiye shu kun suo caiqu de kuoda government for finance and business ease hard SUO adopt NM expand 財政 支出。
caizheng zhichu finance expenditure
‗One of the driving forces for Taiwan‘s economic rejuvenation is that all
governments over the world expand the financial expenditure for the finance and corporation bailout‘ (2010)
In our data, there are six and nine items of zhiyi in 1988 and 2010 respectively, see Table 8. Thus, there is a tendency of increasing use of zhiyi.
Table 8. The number and normalized frequency (per 1000 morphemes) of zhiyi in the written data in 1988 and 2010
Year of data Category
Written (1988) Written (2010)
之一 Zhiyi 6 (0.11) 9 (0.22)
Total of morphemes 52,704 40,848
3.1.7.3 前者…後者 Qianzhe…houzhe ‘the former… the latter’
The phrase qianzhe…houzhe is directly translated from English pattern ‗the
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former… the latter‘ (Wang, 1947; Hsu, 1994). Such an expression is not commonly used in daily speech or writing, even its English counterpart is largely confined to rather formal noun phrases reference (Quirk et al., 1985). Thus, only one example exists in 2010 data as shown below, and none in 1988.
(94) >前者 是 為 任何 有 目的 之 社會 意圖 設 下 規矩，
Qianzhe shi wei renhe you mudi zhi shehui yitu she xia guiju, Former C/F for any have purpose of society intention set down rule 後者 則 是 為 這 些 意圖 指引 方向。
houzhe ze shi wei zhe xie yitu zhiyin fangxiang latter LK C/F for these intention guide direction
‗The former is setting the rules for any intentional purpose in the society; the latter is intending to guide the direction of these purposes.‘
Table 9. The number and normalized frequency (per 1000 morphemes) of qianzhe…houzhe in the written data in 1988 and 2010
Year of data Category
Written (1988) Written (2010)
前者…後者 qianzhe…houzhe 0 1(0.02)
Total of morphemes 52,704 40,848