STZ (Insulin) GPT(insulin)-prevent GPT(insulin)-cure
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二、水迷宮（water maze）學習記憶測試：
（一）補益劑對 streptozotocin（STZ）誘發高血糖鼠在水迷宮空 間性學習操作障礙之影響：
STZ（65 mg/kg）於靜脈注射 3 週後可順利誘發大鼠產生 高血糖症狀，同時亦會造成大鼠水迷宮空間性學習操作能力發生障 礙，如 Fig.10 所示。六味地黃丸（LWW）僅治療組可改善 STZ 誘發 高血糖鼠空間性學習操作障礙之現象，前處理組則無此作用。補中益 氣湯（PCT）僅治療組可改善 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠空間性學習操作障礙 之現象，前處理組則無此作用（Fig.11）。知柏八味丸（JPW）僅治療 組可改善 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠空間性學習操作障礙之現象，前處理組 則無此作用（Fig.12）。歸脾湯（GPT）僅治療組可改善 STZ 誘發高 血糖鼠空間性學習操作障礙之現象，前處理組則無此作用（ Fig.13）。
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Fig. 10. Effects of LWW on total swimming time and path length of STZ induced diabetes rats on the hidden platform of water maze. LWW -prevent group：Administrated LWW two weeks before induced diabetes.
LWW -cure group：Administrated LWW one week after induced diabetes.
STZ group：induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone. Control group：normal rats. *P＜0.05 compared with STZ group.
(A) Time to hidden platform
Day
(B) Length to hidden platform
Day
0 1 2 3 4
Length (cm)
0
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Fig. 11. Effects of PCT on total swimming time and path length of STZ induced diabetes rats on the hidden platform of water maze.PCT -prevent group：Administrated PCT two weeks before induced diabetes. PCT -cure group：Administrated PCT one week after induced diabetes. STZ group ： induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone. Control group：normal rats. *P＜0.05 compared with STZ group.
(A) Time to hidden platform
Day
0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
0
(B) Length to hidden platform
Day
0 1 2 3 4
Length (cm)
0
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Fig. 12. Effects of JPW on total swimming time and path length of STZ induced diabetes rats on the hidden platform of water maze. JPW -prevent group：Administrated JPW two weeks before induced diabetes. JPW -cure group：Administrated JPW one week after induced diabetes. STZ group：
induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone. Control group：normal rats. *P＜0.05 compared with STZ group.
(A) Time to hidden platform
Day
0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
0
(B) Length to hidden platform
Day
0 1 2 3 4
Length (cm)
0
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Fig. 13. Effects of GPT on total swimming time and path length of STZ induced diabetes rats on the hidden platform of water maze. GPT -prevent group：Administrated GPT two weeks before induced diabetes. GPT -cure group：Administrated GPT one week after induced diabetes. STZ group：
induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone. Control group：normal rats. *P＜0.05 compared with STZ group.
(A) Time to hidden platform
Day
0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
0
(B) Length to hidden platform
Day
0 1 2 3 4
Length (cm)
0
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（二）補益劑對 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠在水迷宮參考記憶障礙之影 響：
STZ（65 mg/kg）於靜脈注射 3 週後可順利誘發大鼠順利 產生高血糖症狀，同時亦會造成大鼠水迷宮之參考記憶發生障礙，如 Fig.14 所示。六味地黃丸（LWW）僅治療組可改善 STZ 誘發高血糖 鼠參考記憶障礙之現象，前處理組則無此作用。補中益氣湯（PCT）
不論治療組或前處理組均可改善 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠參考記憶障礙之 現象。知柏八味丸（JPW）僅治療組可改善 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠參考 記憶障礙之現象，前處理組則無此作用（Fig.16）。歸脾湯（GPT）不 論治療組或前處理組均可改善 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠參考記憶障礙之現 象，前處理組則無此作用（Fig.17）。
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Fig. 14. Total swimming time and path length of control, STZ and LWW
（prevent and cure）groups which swum through the target ring in the third day. Control group ： normal rats. LWW -prevent group ： Administrated LWW two weeks before induced diabetes. LWW -cure group ： Administrated LWW one week after induced diabetes. STZ group ：induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone. *P＜0.05, compared with control. #P＜0.05, ##P＜0.01, compared with STZ.
Time spent in the target ring (sec)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
control STZ
LWW-Prevent LWW-Cure
Length spent in the target ring/total length (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25
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Fig. 15. Total swimming time and path length of control, STZ and PCT
（prevent and cure）groups which swum through the target ring in the third day. Control group：normal rats. PCT-prevent group：Administrated PCT two weeks before induced diabetes. PCT -cure group：Administrated PCT one week after induced diabetes. STZ group：induced diabetes by streptozotocin （ STZ） alone. *P＜ 0.05, **P＜ 0.01, compared with control. #P＜0.05, ##P＜0.01, compared with STZ.
Time spent in the target ring (sec)
0
14 control
STZ PCT-prevent PCT-Cure
Length spent in the target ring/total length (%) 0 5
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Fig. 16. Total swimming time and path length of control, STZ and JPW
（prevent and cure）groups which swum through the target ring in the third day. Control group：normal rats. JPW -prevent group：Administrated JPW two weeks before induced diabetes. JPW -cure group：Administrated JPW one week after induced diabetes. STZ group ：induced diabetes by streptozotocin （ STZ） alone. *P＜ 0.05, **P＜ 0.01, compared with control. #P＜0.05, compared with STZ.
Time spent in the target ring (sec)
0
Length spent in the target ring/total length (%) 0 5
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Fig. 17. Total swimming time and path length of control, STZ and GPT
（prevent and cure）groups which swum through the target ring in the third day. Control group：normal rats. GPT-prevent group：Administrated GPT two weeks before induced diabetes. GPT-cure group：Administrated GPT one week after induced diabetes. STZ group ：induced diabetes by streptozotocin （ STZ） alone. *P＜ 0.05, **P＜ 0.01, compared with control. #P＜0.05, compared with STZ.
Time spent in the target ring (sec)
0
12 control
STZ
GPT-Prevent GPT-Cure
Length spent in the target ring/total length (%) 0 5
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（三）補益劑對 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠在水迷宮工作記憶障礙之 影響：
STZ（65 mg/kg）於靜脈注射 3 週後可誘發大鼠產生高 血糖症狀，同時亦會造成大鼠水迷宮工作記憶之再學習暨再現過程發 生障礙，如 Fig.18 所示。六味地黃丸（LWW）僅治療組可改善 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠工作記憶障礙之現象，前處理組則無此作用。補中益氣 湯（PCT）僅治療組可改善 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠工作記憶障礙之現象，
前處理組則無此作用（Fig.19）。知柏八味丸（JPW）不論前處理組或 治療組，均可改善 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠工作記憶再學習障礙之現象；
但僅治療組對 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠工作記憶再現障礙具改善作用
（Fig.20）。歸脾湯（GPT）前處理組僅可改善 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠工 作記憶再學習障礙之現象；而治療組僅可改善 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠工 作記憶再現障礙之現象（Fig.21）。
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Fig.18. Swimming time and path length of control, STZ and LWW
（prevent and cure）groups that swum to the hidden platform during reacquisition and retrieval of water maze. Control group：normal rats.
LWW -prevent group：Administrated LWW two weeks before induced diabetes. LWW -cure group：Administrated LWW one week after induced diabetes. STZ group：induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone.
*P＜0.05, compared with control. #P＜0.05, ##P＜0.01, compared with STZ.
Time to hidden platform (sec)
0 30 60 90
120 control
STZ
LWW-Prevent LWW-Cure
Reacquisition Retrieval
Length to hidden platform (cm)
0 1000 2000 3000
Reacquisition Retrieval
* *
Time to hidden platform (sec)
0 30 60 90
120 VEH
STZ
LWW-Prevent LWW-Cure
Reacquisition Retrieval
Length to hidden platform (cm)
0 1000 2000 3000
Reacquisition Retrieval
* *
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Fig.19. Swimming time and path length of control, STZ and PCT（prevent and cure）groups that swum to the hidden platform during reacquisition and retrieval of water maze. Control group：normal rats. PCT -prevent group：Administrated PCT two weeks before induced diabetes. PCT -cure group：administrated PCT one week after induced diabetes. STZ group：
induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone. *P＜0.05, compared with control. #P＜0.05, ##P＜0.01, compared with STZ.
Time to hidden platform (sec)
0 30 60 90
120 control
STZ
PCT-Prevent PCT-Cure
Reacquisition Retrieval
Length to hidden platform (cm)
0 1000 2000 3000
Reacquisition Retrieval
* *
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Fig.20. Swimming time and path length of control, STZ and JPW
（prevent and cure）groups that swum to the hidden platform during reacquisition and retrieval of water maze. Control group：normal rats.
JPW -prevent group ：Administrated JPW two weeks before induced diabetes. JPW -cure group：administrated JPW one week after induced diabetes. STZ group：induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone.
*P＜0.05, compared with control. #P＜0.05, ##P＜0.01, compared with STZ.
Time to hidden platform (sec)
0 30 60 90
120 control
STZ
JPW-Prevent JPW-Cure
Reacquisition Retrieval
Length to hidden platform (cm)
0 1000 2000 3000
Reacquisition Retrieval
* *
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Fig.21. Swimming time and path length of control, STZ and GPT
（prevent and cure）groups that swum to the hidden platform during reacquisition and retrieval of water maze. Control group：normal rats.
GPT -prevent group ：Administrated GPT two weeks before induced diabetes. GPT -cure group：administrated GPT one week after induced diabetes. STZ group：induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone.
*P＜0.05, compared with control. #P＜0.05, ##P＜0.01, compared with STZ.
Time to hidden platform (sec)
0 30 60 90
120 control
STZ
GPT-Prevent GPT-Cure
Reacquisition Retrieval
Length to hidden platform (cm)
0 1000 2000 3000
Reacquisition Retrieval
*
*
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（四）補益劑對 STZ 誘發高血糖鼠在水迷宮非空間性游泳操 作能力之影響：
STZ 誘發高血糖鼠在水迷宮尋找可見逃逸平台之游泳 時間及游泳距離均較正常大鼠為長，但並無顯著差異；而游泳速度則 較正常大鼠慢，但亦無顯著差異（Fig.22）。六味地黃丸（LWW）治 療組可使游泳時間及游泳距離縮短，游泳速度加快，但與 STZ 誘發 高血糖相比較，並無顯著差異；而前處理組則對游泳時間、距離及速 度均無影響（Fig. 22）。補中益氣湯（PCT）治療組可使游泳時間及 游泳距離縮短，游泳速度加快，但與 STZ 誘發高血糖相比較，並無 顯著差異；而前處理組則對游泳時間、距離及速度均無影響（Fig.23）。 知柏八味丸（JPW）治療組可使游泳時間及游泳距離縮短，游泳速度 加快，但與 STZ 誘發高血糖相比較，並無顯著差異；而前處理組則 對游泳時間、距離及速度均無影響（Fig.24）。歸脾湯（GPT）治療組 可使游泳時間及游泳距離縮短，游泳速度加快，但與 STZ 誘發高血 糖相比較，並無顯著差異；而前處理組則對游泳時間、距離及速度均 無影響（Fig.25）。
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Fig. 22. Time and distance of control、STZ、LWW（prevent and cure）
groups which swum to the visible platform, and their swimming speed.
control group：normal rats. LWW-prevent group：Administrated LWW two weeks before induced diabetes. LWW -cure group：Administrated LWW one week after induced diabetes. STZ group：induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone.
(A) Time to visible platform
Time to visible platform (sec)
0 30 60 90
CONTROL STZ
LWW-Prevent LWW-Cure
(B) Length to visible platform
Length to visible platform (cm)
0 600 1200 1800
(C) Swimming speed
Swimming speed (cm/sec)
0
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Fig. 23. Time and distance of control、STZ、PCT（prevent and cure）
groups which swum to the visible platform, and their swimming speed.
control group：normal rats. PCT-prevent group：Administrated PCT two weeks before induced diabetes. PCT -cure group：Administrated PCT one week after induced diabetes. STZ group ： induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone. *P＜0.05, compared with STZ levels.
(A) Time to visible platform
Time to visible platform (sec)
0 20 40 60
CONTROL STZ
PCT-PREVENT PCT-CURE (B) Length to visible platform
Length to visible platform (cm)
0 600 1200 1800
(C) Swimming speed
Swimming speed (cm/sec)
0 (A) Time to visible platform
Time to visible platform (sec)
0 20 40 60
CONTROL STZ
PCT-Prevent PCT-Cure
(B) Length to visible platform
Length to visible platform (cm)
0 600 1200 1800
(C) Swimming speed
Swimming speed (cm/sec)
0
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Fig. 24. Time and distance of control、STZ、JPW（prevent and cure）
groups which swum to the visible platform, and their swimming speed.
control group：normal rats. JPW -prevent group：Administrated JPW two weeks before induced diabetes. JPW -cure group：Administrated JPW one week after induced diabetes. STZ group ： induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone.
(A) Time to visible platform
Time to visible platform (sec)
0 30 60 90
CONTROL STZ
JPW-Prevent JPW-Cure
(B) Length to visible platform
Length to visible platform (cm)
0 600 1200 1800
(C) Swimming speed
Swimming speed (cm/sec)
0
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Fig. 25. Time and distance of control、STZ、GPT（prevent and cure）
groups which swum to the visible platform, and their swimming speed.
control group：normal rats. GPT -prevent group：Administrated GPT two weeks before induced diabetes. GPT -cure group：Administrated GPT one week after induced diabetes. STZ group ： induced diabetes by streptozotocin （STZ）alone.
(A) Time to visible platform
Time to visible platform (sec)
0 30 60 90
CONTROL STZ
GPT-Prevent GPT-Cure
(B) Length to visible platform
Length to visible platform (cm)
0 600 1200 1800
(C) Swimming speed
Swimming speed (cm/sec)
0
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