Chapter 8 Life-Saving Appliances and Arrangements
8.11 Helicopter pick-up areas
8.11.1 Craft operating on voyages having a duration of 2 h or more between each port of call shall be provided with a helicopter pick-up area approved by the Administration having regard to the recommendations adopted by the Organization*
.
Part B – Requirements for High Speed Craft not Engaged in International Voyages
C8.12 General
High speed crafts not engaged in international voyages are to comply with the relevant regulations of the Administration.
Chapter 9 Machinery
Part A - General 9.1 General
9.1.1 The machinery, associated piping systems and fittings relating to main machinery for which they are intended and shall be so installed and protected as to reduce to a minimum any danger to persons on board, due regard being paid to moving parts, hot surfaces and other hazards. The design shall have regard to materials used in construction, the purpose for which the equipment is intended, the working conditions to which it will be subjected and the environmental conditions on board.
9.1.2 All surfaces with temperatures exceeding 22
of a system failure shall be insulated. The insulation shall be impervious to flammable liquids and vapours.
9.1.3 Special consideration shall be given to the reliability of single essential propulsion components and a separate source of propulsion power sufficient to give the craft a navigable speed, especially in the case of unconventional arrangements, may be required.
9.1.4 Means shall be provided whereby normal operation of propulsion machinery can be sustained or restored even though one of the essential auxiliaries becomes inoperative. Special consideration shall be given to the malfunctioning of:
.1 a generating set which serves as a main source of electrical power;
.2 the fuel oil supply systems for engines;
.3 the sources of lubricating oil pressure;
.4 the sources of water pressure;
.5 an air compressor and receiver for starting or control purposes;
.6 the hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical means for control in main propulsion machinery, including controllable-pitch propellers.
However, having regard to overall safety considerations, a partial reduction in propulsion capability from normal operation may be accepted.
9.1.5 Means shall be provided to ensure that the machinery can be brought into operation from the dead craft condition without external aid.
9.1.6 All parts of machinery, hydraulic, pneumatic and other systems and their associated fittings which are under internal pressure shall be subjected to appropriate tests including a pressure test before being put into service for the first time.
9.1.7 Provision shall be made to facilitate cleaning, inspection and maintenance of main propulsion and auxiliary machinery including boilers and pressure vessels.
9.1.8 The reliability of machinery installed in the craft shall be adequate for its intended purpose.
9.1.9 The Administration may accept machinery which does not show detailed compliance with the Code where it has been used satisfactorily in a similar application, provided that it is satisfied:
.1 that the design, construction, testing, installation and prescribed maintenance are together adequate for its use in a marine environment; and
.2 that an equivalent level of safety will be achieved.
9.1.10 A failure mode and effect analysis shall include machinery systems and their associated controls.
9.1.11 Such information as is necessary to ensure that machinery can be installed correctly regarding such factors as operating conditions and limitations shall be made available by the manufacturers.
9.1.12 Main propulsion machinery and all auxiliary machinery essential to the propulsion and the safety of the craft
shall, as fitted in the craft, be designed to operate when the craft is upright and when inclined at any angle of list up to and including 15°either way under static conditions and 22.5°under dynamic conditions (rolling) either way and simultaneously inclined by dynamically (pitching) 7.5° by bow or stern. The Administration may permit deviation from these angles, taking into consideration the type, size and service conditions of the craft.
9.1.13 All boilers, and pressure vessels and associated piping systems shall be of a design and construction adequate for the purpose intended and shall be so installed and protected as to minimize danger to persons on board. In particular, attention shall be paid to the materials used in the construction and the working pressures and temperatures at which the item will operate and the need to provide an adequate margin of safety over the stresses normally produced in service. Every boiler, pressure vessel and associated piping systems shall be fitted with adequate means to prevent over-pressures in service and be subjected to a hydraulic test before being put into service, and where appropriate at subsequent specified intervals, to a pressure suitably in excess of the working pressure.
C9.1.13 Pressure vessels and steam and hot water generators are to be designed, constructed, equipped and tested according to the Society’s Rules for the Construction and Classification of Steel Ships.
9.1.14 Arrangements shall be provided to ensure that, in the event of failure in any liquid cooling system, it is rapidly detected and alarmed (visual and audible) and means instituted to minimize the effects of such failures on machinery serviced by the system.
C9.1.15 Classification
C9.1.15.1 In addition to the Rules, the Society reserves the right to impose further requirements in respect of all types of machinery, where this is unavoidable due to new findings or operational experience, or the Society may permit deviations from the Rules where these are specially warranted.
C9.1.15.2 National rules or regulations outside the Society Rules remain unaffected.
C9.1.16 Ambient Conditions
The selection, layout and arrangement of all shipboard machinery, equipment and appliances is to be such as to ensure faultless continuous operation under the ambient conditions specified in Tables C.9.1 and C.9.2.
C9.1.17 Design and Construction of Machinery Installation C9.1.17.1 General
Main propulsion and manoeuvring equipment must provide full control of speed and direction of the craft. Every important, automatically or remote controlled system must have alternative arrangements for operation.
Table C9.1 Inclinations1 Installations, Components
Angle of inclinations [°] 3
Athwartship Fore-and-aft
static dynamic static dynamic
Main and auxiliary machinery 15 22.5 5 7.5
Ship safety equipment, e.g. emergency power installations, emergency fire pumps and their
drives 22.5 22.5 10 10
Switchgear, electrical and electronic appliances 2 and remote-control systems
NOTES:
1 The Society may consider deviations from these angles, taking into consideration the type, size and service condition of the craft.
2 Up to an angle of inclination of 45° no undesired switching operations or functional changes may occur.
3 A thwart ships and fore-and-aft inclinations may occur simultaneously.
Table C9.2
Environmental Conditions for Machinery and Electrical Installations1 Seawater temperature + 32 °C
Ambient air temperature – 25 °C to 45 °C, relative humidity (0.1MPa / 45 °C) 60 %
Enclosed machinery spaces Temperature range 0 to 55 °C. Relative humidity 100 %. Ability to withstand oil vapour and salt-laden air.
Air-conditioned control rooms Temperature range 0 to 40 °C, Relative humidity 80 %
Open deck Temperature range – 25 to 45 °C. Ability to withstand temporary
flooding with seawater and salt-laden spray.
NOTE:
1 The Society may approve other conditions for craft operating only in special agreed geographical areas.
C9.1.17.2 Materials, Welding and Tests
.1 All materials and components subject to the Rules are to be manufactured and tested in accordance with Society Rules.
.2 The fabrication of welded components, approval of companies and testing of welders are subject to Society Rules.
.3 Machinery and its components are subject to constructional and material tests, pressure and leakage tests and trials. All the tests prescribed in the following sections are to be conducted under the supervision of the Society.
.4 In the case of parts produced in series, other methods of testing may be agreed with the Society instead of the tests prescribed, provided that the former are recognized as equivalent by the Society.
.5 The Society reserves the right, where necessary, to increase the scope of the tests and also to subject to testing those parts which are not expressly required to be tested according to the Rules.
.6 After installation on board of propulsion and auxiliary machinery, operational functioning of the machinery including the associated auxiliary equipment is to be verified. All safety equipment is to be tested, unless adequate testing has already been performed at the manufacturer’s works under the supervision of the Society.
.7 In addition, the entire machinery installation is to be tested during sea trials as far as possible under intended service conditions.
C9.1.18 Shipboard trials (dock and sea trials)
C9.1.18.1 Dock trials are to be carried out to the satisfaction of the Society Surveyor.
C9.1.18.2 Sea trials with propulsion engines driving fixed propellers:
.1 At rated engine speed for at least 4 hours, with gas turbines for at least 2 hours.
.2 At minimum on-load speed.
.3 Starting and reversing manoeuvres.
.4 Astern trial with 0.7 rated engine speed for at least 15 minutes.
.5 Final testing of monitoring and safety systems.
C9.1.18.3 Sea trials with propulsion engines driving controllable-pitch propellers, reversing gears or water jets:
.1 At 100 % power at rated engine speed for at least 4 hours, with gas turbines for at least 2 hours.
.2 Manoeuvring trials with various propeller pitches.
.3 Astern trial with approximately 70 % power for at least 15 minutes.
.4 Final testing of monitoring and safety systems.
C9.1.18.4 Main engines driving generators for propulsion
The tests to be performed at rated speed with a constant governor setting under conditions of:
.1 100% power (rated power): at least 2 hours .2 110% power: 30 minutes
.3 In reverse direction of propeller rotation during the dock or sea trials at 70% of the nominal propeller speed:
10 minutes .4 Starting maneuvers
.5 Monitoring, alarm and safety systems NOTE:
Tests are to be based on the rated electrical powers of the driven generators.
C9.1.18.5 Stopping test from full ahead is to be carried out. Time and distance are to be noted.
9.2 Engine (general)
9.2.1 The engines shall be fitted with adequate safety monitoring and control devices in respect of speed, temperature, pressure and other operational functions. Control of the machinery shall be from the craft's operating compartment.
Category B craft and cargo craft shall be provided with additional machinery controls in or close to the machinery space. The machinery installation shall be suitable for operation as in an unmanned machinery space, including automatic fire detection system, bilge alarm system, remote machinery instrumentation and alarm system. Where the space is continuously manned, this requirement may be varied in accordance with the requirements of the Administration.
9.2.2 The engines shall be protected against overspeed, loss of lubricating oil pressure, loss of cooling medium, high temperature, malfunction of moving parts and overload. Safety devices shall not cause complete engine shutdown without prior warning, except in cases where there is a risk of complete breakdown or explosion. Such safety devices shall be capable of being tested.
9.2.3 At least two independent means of stopping the engines quickly from the operating compartment under any operating conditions shall be available. Duplication of the actuator fitted to the engine shall not be required.
9.2.4 The major components of the engine shall have adequate strength to withstand the thermal and dynamic conditions of normal operation. The engine shall not be damaged by a limited operation at a speed or at temperatures exceeding the normal values but within the range of the protective devices.
9.2.5 The design of the engine shall be such as to minimize the risk of fire or explosion and to enable compliance with the fire precaution requirements of chapter 7.
9.2.6 Provision shall be made to drain all excess fuel and oil to a safe position so as to avoid a fire hazard.
9.2.7 Provision shall be made to ensure that, whenever practical, the failure of systems driven by the engine shall not unduly affect the integrity of the major components.
9.2.8 The ventilation arrangements in the machinery spaces shall be adequate under all envisaged operating conditions. Where appropriate, arrangements shall ensure that enclosed engine compartments are forcibly ventilated to the atmosphere before the engine can be started.
9.2.9 Any engines shall be so installed as to avoid excessive vibration within the craft.
9.3 Gas turbines
C9.3.0.1 Documents to be submitted
For every gas turbine installation, the drawings and documents required in Society Rules are to be submitted in triplicate for approval by the turbine manufacturer. The society reserves the right to ask for supplementary copies if deemed necessary in particular cases.
C9.3.0.2 The materials of shafts, turbine and compressor wheels, guide vanes and blades, turbine and compressor casings, combustion chambers and heat exchangers are to be tested in accordance with test specifications laid down by the gas turbine manufacturer and recognized by the Society as part of the approval procedure.
9.3.1 Gas turbines shall be designed to operate in the marine environment and shall be free from surge or dangerous instability throughout its operating range up to the maximum steady speed approved for use. The turbine installation
shall be arranged to ensure that the turbine cannot be continuously operated within any speed range where excessive vibration, stalling, or surging may be encountered.
9.3.2 The gas turbines shall be designed and installed such that any reasonably probable shedding of compressor or turbine blades will not endanger the craft, other machinery, occupants of the craft or any other persons.
9.3.3 Requirements of 9.2.6 shall apply to gas turbines in respect of fuel which might reach the interior of the jet pipe or exhaust system after a false start or after stopping.
9.3.4 Turbines shall be safeguarded as far as practicable against the possibility of damage by ingestion of contaminants from the operating environment. Information regarding the recommended maximum concentration of contamination shall be made available. Provision shall be made for preventing the accumulation of salt deposits on the compressors and turbines and, if necessary, for preventing the air intake from icing.
9.3.5 In the event of a failure of a shaft or weak link, the broken end shall not hazard the occupants of the craft, either directly or by damaging the craft or its systems. Where necessary, guards may be fitted to achieve compliance with these requirements.
9.3.6 Each engine shall be provided with an emergency overspeed shutdown device connected, where possible, directly to each rotor shaft.
C9.3.6 Startup is to take place automatically, in a fixed sequence.
9.3.7 Where an acoustic enclosure is fitted which completely surrounds the gas generator and the high pressure oil pipes, a fire detection and extinguishing system shall be provided for the acoustic enclosure.
9.3.8 Details of the manufacturers' proposed automatic safety devices to guard against hazardous conditions arising in the event of malfunction in the turbine installation shall be provided together with the failure mode and effect analysis.
9.3.9 The manufacturers shall demonstrate the soundness of the casings. Intercoolers and heat exchangers shall be hydraulically tested on each side separately.
C9.3.10. The following minimum monitoring equipment is to be provided:
.1 Air pressure and temperature at compressor inlet.
.2 Gas pressure and temperature at gas generator outlet.
.3 Lubricating oil pressure and temperature.
.4 Gas generator and power turbine speeds.
C9.3.11 Gas turbine and compressor rotors are to be dynamically balanced when in the condition ready for assembly and are to undergo an overspeed test.
C9.3.12 Sea trials have to be carried out according to C.9.1.18.
9.4 Diesel engines for main propulsion and essential auxiliaries
C9.4.0.1 Documents to be submitted
For each diesel engine type, the drawings and documents required in the Society Rules are to be submitted in triplicate to the Society for approval by the engine manufacturer.
C9.4.0.1.1 Auxiliary engines intended as prime movers for harbour generator sets with less than 50 kW are not subject to approval.
C9.4.0.2 Definitions
C9.4.0.2.1 Diesel engines are to be designed such that their rated power when running at rated speed can be delivered as continuous power.
C9.4.0.2.2 Diesel engines for installation on board of high speed craft must have been type-tested by the Society. For this purpose, a type-approval test in accordance with Society Rules for diesel engines is to be performed.
9.4.1 Any main diesel propulsion system shall have satisfactory torsional vibration and other vibrational characteristics verified by individual and combined torsional and other vibration analyses for the system and its components from power unit through to propulsor.
C9.4.1 The speed ranges where excessive vibrations may be encountered are to be marked in red on the tachometer, where practicable, and an instruction plate indicating that the engine is not to be continuously operated within these speed ranges is to be fitted near each control station.
9.4.2 All external high-pressure fuel delivery lines between the high-pressure fuel pumps and fuel nozzles shall be protected with a jacketed tubing system capable of containing fuel from a high-pressure line failure. The jacketed tubing system shall include a means for collection of leakages and arrangements shall be provided for an alarm to be given of a fuel line failure.
9.4.3 Engines of a cylinder diameter of 200 mm or a crankcase volume of 0.6 m3and above shall be provided with crankcase explosion relief valves of an approved type with sufficient relief area.
The relief valves shall be arranged with means to ensure that discharge from them is directed so as to minimize the possibility of injury to personnel.
C9.4.3 Where crankcase venting systems are provided, their clear opening is to be as small as possible. The vent pipes of two or more engines are not to be combined.
9.4.4 The lubrication system and arrangements shall be efficient at all running speeds, due consideration being given to the need to maintain suction and avoid the spillage of oil in all conditions of list and trim and degree of motion of the craft.
9.4.5 Arrangements shall be provided to ensure that visual and audible alarms are activated in the event of either lubricating oil pressure or lubricating oil level falling below a safe level, considering the rate of circulation of oil in the engine. Such events shall also cause automatic reduction of engine speed to a safe level, but automatic shutdown shall only be activated by conditions leading to a complete breakdown, fire or explosion.
9.4.6 Where diesel engines are arranged to be started, reversed or controlled by compressed air, the arrangement of the air compressor, air receiver and air starting system shall be such as to minimize the risk of fire or explosion.
C9.4.7 Filters
C9.4.7.1 Lubricating oil filters
Lubricating oil lines are to be fitted with lubricating oil filters of suitable size and fineness, located in the main oil flow on the delivery side of the pumps.
Steps are to be taken to ensure that main flow filters can be cleaned without interrupting operation and filtration.
C9.4.7.2 Fuel filters
The supply lines of the fuel-injection pumps are to be fitted with switch-over duplex filters.
C9.4.7.3 Filters for emergency engines
For emergency diesel generators and emergency diesel fire-extinguishing pump sets, simplex filters for fuel oil and lubricating oil are acceptable.
C9.4.7.4 Filter arrangements
Fuel and lubricating oil filters which are to be mounted directly on the engine are not to be located above rotating parts or in the immediate proximity of hot components.
Where this arrangement is not feasible, rotating parts and hot components are to be sufficiently shielded.
Drip pans of suitable size are to be mounted under fuel filters. The same applies to lubricating oil filters if oil can escape during dismantling of the filter.
Drip pans of suitable size are to be mounted under fuel filters. The same applies to lubricating oil filters if oil can escape during dismantling of the filter.