5 Private-‐Public Partnership (PPP)
5.1 Why Public-‐Private Partnership?
5.1.4 International Organization of Migration (IOM)
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the human traffickers. The owners of the radio stations may feel this issue will be boring and they may lose listeners. Others say, because they do not want to give a bad reputation to the communities or they are unaware of the problem.
• Elements for the Campaign: The elements that are necessary in the campaign said in the report were: to teach the communities the meaning of family, self-esteem; to attack indifference and to communicate that machisimo is not good for the society. Share testimonies to other children and adolescents of victims’
of human trafficking and explain the dangers of it. Explaining, how the recruiters of human trafficking work so children cannot be deceived. To contribute to health prevention (HIV) and to promote institutions that can give support to girls that want to stop prostitution. To communicate with the people that it is time to break the silence and accuse the traffickers of their actions.
Media to communicate the issue is available in the seven municipalities that they interviewed. It is noted that there are more than six radio stations and TV channels to promote the problem of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents.
5.1.4 International Organization of Migration (IOM)
IOM was established in 1951 and it is considered a leading inter-governmental organization on migration. Its aim is to promote human and orderly migration by providing services and advice to governments and migrants. IOM works on migration management and crosscutting activities to promote international migration law, policy debate and protection of migration rights and migration health among others. They also work for humanitarian emergences, repatriation of migrants and counter-trafficking.21
21 International Organization of Migration, “What We Do”, www.iom.int. Accessed: May: 28, 2014.
https://www.iom.int/cms/activities
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5.1.4.1 Counter-Trafficking
IOM work begins with the idea that human trafficking needs to be approached within the overall context of managing migration. The activities that IOM performs are implemented through partnership with government institutions, NGOs and international organizations. IOM approach is based on three principles:22
• Respect for human rights
• Social, mental and physical well-being of the individual and his or her community
• Sustainability through institutional capacity building of governments and civil society
The activities of IOM in Human Trafficking are:23
• Prevention: Carrying out information through campaigns in both source and destination countries to educate the general public about human trafficking.
• Technical Assistance: Building capacities of both the government and civil society to better address the challenges of human trafficking.
• Direct Assistance: IOM woks with other partners to assist victims on medical care, protection for victims to their reintegration to the society.
5.1.4.2 IOM in Guatemala
IOM initiates its work in Guatemala on humanitarian assistance during Hurricane Mitch in 1998 and on migration issues.24 Until the adoption of the law Against
22 International Organization of Migration, “Counter-Trafficking”, www.iom.int, Accessed: May 28, 2014.
https://www.iom.int/cms/countertrafficking
23 IOM, ‘Counter-Trafficking’.
24 IOM, “Compendium of IOM Activities In Migration, Climate Change And Environment” (Geneva:
International Organization Of Migration, 2009). Accessed: May 29, 2014.
http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/activities/env_degradation/compendium_climate_change.
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Human Trafficking in 2009, the government and IOM partners fight against human trafficking. IOM supports the government on technical assistance. IOM has worked with institutions such as the Public Prosecutor’s Office (MP), Prosecutor General Nation’s Office (PGN), with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Ministry of Education (MOE), and Ministry of Culture and Sports, offering training and workshops on the assistance of victims of human trafficking. They also work on site.
IOM’s work covers government institutions located in different departments and municipalities throughout the country. Most of the trainings and workshops are funded by IOM. Currently IOM has 4 employees in charge of human trafficking and protection of women in the country.
IOM in Guatemala implements projects and supports institutions or NGOs as long as they have donors. One of the main donors is the Regional Committee for Migration in Central America. The Regional Committee donates financial capital to IOM to repatriate victims of human trafficking. Another source for IOM Guatemala is USAID.
The United States has been funding their projects so that IOM can keep doing its duties in the issue of human trafficking. IOM has participated in two projects on the issue of human trafficking. The first one was in 2010 to 2011 and the second one from 2011 to 2013.25 The institutions that IOM has worked closely on human trafficking issues are Secretariat against Human Trafficking (SVET), EL Refugio de la Niñez and ECPAT Guatemala.
5.1.4.3 Repatriation of Victims to Guatemala or Repatriation to its country of origin
IOM Repatriation supports national and foreign victims with financial resources.
Basically IOM provides all the expenses for the victims to return home. IOM provides
25 Jose Villagran, IOM, Telephone Interview, Interviewed by Ruth Calderon, February 8, 2014.
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psychological assistance or medical assistance too. In Guatemala most of IOM’s experience with repatriation of foreign victims has been to Colombian and Central America women.
When there is a victim found in another country and its country of origin is Guatemala the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will be contacted. The existence of a Protocol for Repatriation of Guatemalan Victims of Human Trafficking immediately activates when the victim decides to return to his or her country of origin. Before an adult victim is sent home, the Institute of Social Welfare studies the socioeconomic case of the victim with the purpose of finding a safe place for the victim. When the victim is returned to Guatemala the Institute of Social Welfare already concluded on the victim’s choices of where to reintegrate. The victim being an adult is the only one who decides where to go and where she will feel safe. The victim has the right to decide what they want to do after hearing the social workers’ options for her to reintegrate once she lands in Guatemala.
If children are repatriated to Guatemala, the Attorney General of the Nation’s Office (PGN) is responsible to do the socioeconomic study of the family of the child. PGN office will always seek for protection and an official of the Protection of Children Office from the country the victim was trafficked to. The official is responsible for her safety until PGN receives the child. In case that the victim cannot live with their family or no family is found the child will be referred to a specialized judge of children and adolescence and referred to a temporary shelter. A weakness of repatriation system by IOM is that there is no follow up after the victim has been repatriated to Guatemala.26 There is not an institution with a secondary program that still contacts the victims.
26 Villagran.
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An important fact to remark is that United States does not repatriate children, adolescents or women. United States offers Guatemalans a special protection for victims of human trafficking. The purpose of this special protection is that subsequently the victim can cooperate with the authorities in the prosecution of the traffickers. Then, victims are offered a special visa called T-visa for victims of human trafficking to have a regular status in the U.S. The victim changes from illegal to legal status and in case the family is in danger, the authorities from the U.S. facilitate the travelling for them. The IOM has worked in different projects in Guatemala.
Although, according to the person interviewed, IOM supports with financial capital.
Some of the tasks according to the IOM worker include:27
Prevention: IOM supported the governments’ specialized office, the Secretariat against Sexual Exploitation and Human Trafficking (SVET) on a massive national project called “No me dejo engañar” (“I will not be deceived”). The purpose was a campaign promoting prevention and awareness of human trafficking in education centers. IOM released funds for the campaign in order to mobilize the resources needed for the release. The campaign used different strategies to approach to the population, media, radio and television. IOM also, supported the campaign with printing material, pencils, pens, and key chains to distribute to the children in schools.
SVET unit covered all the country for the campaign.
Assistance: IOM has worked very closely with El Refugio de la Niñez (Child Shelter).
El Refugio de la Niñez is an NGO that works proves social services to children and adolescents throughout Guatemala. This includes social workers, psychologists, layers and educators providing services as temporary shelter and protection, family
27 Jose Villagran, IOM, Telephone Interview, Interviewed by Ruth Calderon, May 28, 2014
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reunification, psychological and emotional support. El Refugio specialists work with children and adolescents who are survivors of physical abuse and human trafficking.
The way that IOM supports El Refugio is by releasing sub grants so that the NGO can keep on assisting victims. They are given an estimation of US$25,000 every trimester for the NGOs needs. This is a huge support for El Refugio since it also depends on donations, running the shelter. An agreement between USAID who is IOM’s donor makes it possible for IOM to release funds to El Refugio. The agreement includes a grant from USAID given to IOM and a sub grant given to El Refugio from IOM.
Technical Assistance: An achievement by IOM was the certification of El Refugio de la Niñez as a service provider for USAID. In January of 2014, El Refugio was running out of donors and IOM had completed the agreements with USAID. It was necessary for EL Refugio to become independent from IOM’s funding. With the funding remaining from USAID, IOM supported El Refugio on technical assistance to victims and to strengthen their capacity as an institution. In this way, they could work autonomously and become a certificate service provider to USAID. IOM hired a Consulting Company to facilitate the process to assist and train El Refugio so they could fulfill the requirements that were needed for USAID to approve. After achieving the requirements El Refugio became the service provider of USAID without IOM being used as an intermediary.
Persecution: The IOM has supported the Public Prosecutor’s Office with equipment, furniture, sharing experiences, strategies for litigation in the persecution of criminals.
Advocacy: IOM has also given funds to ECPAT for the network fighting against human trafficking. The funds that IOM has given also came from the agreement that IOM had with its donor USAID on the sub grants.
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Inter-Agency Coordination: IOM has worked with the formation of networks in the different departments of the country to form specialized units against human trafficking and sexual exploitation.
IOM as a sole intergovernmental organization dedicated exclusively to migration it is no doubt that its work in Latin America has been positive. In Guatemala IOM has worked for many years on migration issues. It was until 2010 that IOM is part of a project fighting against human trafficking. IOM has also been part of the network against human trafficking where the person interviewed confirmed that the relationship of the network is coordinated and efficient.
5.2 Public-Private Partnerships in Guatemala
The public and private partnerships do not start the same way in every country. For Guatemala, it was important to ask how all started and why it started fighting against human trafficking. How was that the government partnered with INGOs and NGOs to work against human trafficking? (Refer to APPENDIX A) There were three answers given:28
1. The situation of human trafficking in Guatemala and a new law that the government launched against human trafficking and sexual exploitation. The government was very weak to fight against transnational crime. Guatemala’s government had political will but lacked the necessary resources to combat it.
2. The United States disposed to support the fight against human trafficking.
However, without a counterpart that fulfills the requirements to manage the funds from the U.S.
28 IOM.