JUSTICE IN THE ORGANIZATION

2.2.1 Definition

Justice can also be understood in two different senses: objective and subjective.

According to the subjective perstect, justice depends on the feeling and evaluation, judgment of each individual. Each person will have their own assessment how fair or unfair. In objective sense, justice is understood as the right values, rules, common standards or how to act accordingly, recognized by the community. For example: The good thing always wins the evel thing. Or the more people work, the more they can enjoy the results. Who make less will receive less, who has been rewarded, the guilty must be punished; who has the bigger result the bigger the reward they receive. The more severe the sin, the penalty will be more severe.

It is the justice.

Justice does not mean leveling from above, equate, and require everyone to be the same. Continuing to look at the facts, in the market economy is opening; the rich-poor gap is not entirely a manifestation of inequity.

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2.2.2 Characteristics of justice/fairness

According to the theory of economics, scholars distinguish two different concepts of social justice are: horizontal equity, means equal treatment for those who have contributed equally and fairly under vertical means that treat differently with people who have instinct gaps, education, ability or different living conditions.

For example, in the policy development of personal income tax: Those who have equal incomes should pay a similar personal income tax (horizontal justice), and those who have different income need to have different tax amount (vertical justice). For example, employees have the similar education, experience years have to be paid similarly. We cannot require a long experienced officer who contributed in many years to be paid equally with a free graduate.

Justice is also shown vertically in the State to facilitate and expand access for the poor, the vulnerable groups to services, health care, education, jobs , resources, social benefits. Such policies that add more scores for the current university entrance exam based on living area, support for the disabled, elderly and helpless is also a manifestation of justice if the justice vertically is understand. These policies work to ensure the fair and equitable living conditions for growth opportunities in the society.

Equality is a composition factor of justive. There is no law degines that everyone is equal, because it is imposible. However, almost regulation in every nations considers “everyone is equal in front of regislation.” Equal in front of regislation is a basic condition to get to the justice.

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American Declaration of Independence in 1776, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Civil Rights in France in 1789 were a high value on equality, justice, the purpose is against discrimination based on differences in origin background, race, color, gender, sexual orientation, language, religion, political worldviews, backgrounds, assets or other conditions. The principle of equality in the front of legistration is violated when authorities act arbitrarily, unfairly treats over to a group of people from a different group of people, not based on any legal basis, although between two of groups does not have any difference in terms of legal status. These laws violate the principle of equality should be declared invalid. The administrative decision or judgment of the Court violates the principle of equality should be canceled.

In nowadays modern society, to ensure justice, the legislature plays a very important role. Legislators have a duty to optimize the benefits of all sectors of society. For this, there must be accountability mechanism, test, monitor and ensure information transparency. People should have the right to know and comment on the formation, as well as monitoring the implementation of the law.

Operations executive and the judiciary should also be based on the law and ensure impartial, and consistent with the nature and extent of each particular legal relationship.

These days, the justice is not only the general trend in the contemporary world, but also the conditions for economic growth, is the criteria, measure the level of development of a sustainable society. Although there are many ways the concept and theory of justice, however, this theory is not enough to create a unified understanding of justice, because every culture, in different space and time, there

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is the appearance of understanding, evaluating in different ways towards justice.

Nowadays in front of the trend of globalization, integration, justice gradually be recognized in a wider scope, not only to understand the fairness of national scope, but rather, it often is out of range internationally.

2.2.3 Factors affecting the perception of organizational justice

One of the important structures have been proven influential factor in shaping public perceptions of the organization, which is a form of emotional factors to be checked (emotion, mood, layout) as well as the context and type of justice is measured. Influence can serve as a premise, results, or even a mediator of awareness within the organization.

A recent analysis by Barsky and Kaplan (2007) condenses many studies on this topic and explained that the state and characteristics can affect the perceived justice of a person. The findings of Barsky and Kaplan showed that the negative affect both state and trait can work as a prerequisite of a justice perception. And state level characteristics affect negatively related to negative interactions, perceptions of fairness and distribution procedures. In contrast, the state and the positive emotional factors relate to higher ratings of justice, interactive justice and distribution procedures.

2.2.4 Scales of justice

Criteria of justice in organizations includes 17 items (Moorman, 1991; NIEHOFF

& Moorman, 1993), and used five-point Likert scale (including strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, agree) to the point answers. The example sections are:

1. My working schedule is fair

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2. I think my salary is reasonable

3. I think that my workload relative fair

4. Overall, the rewards I receive here are quite fair

5. I feel that my job responsibilities are properly

6. My leader does no bias when making decisions at work

7. My supervisor ensures that the concerns of employees are considered before making a decision on the job.

8. When the official decision-making, my supervisor gathers sufficient information correctly

9. My supervisor decides to clarify and provide additional information as requested by staff

10. All the work is applied uniformly over the entire relevant staff

11. Staff are allowed to challenge or appeal the decision by a supervisor or manager out

12. My supervisor considers my opinion

13. My supervisor can prevent personal bias

14. My superviser provides me timely feedback about the decision and its impact

15. Level 15 in a caring and concerned about me

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16. My rights are paid attention by my supervisor as an employee

17. My supervisor treats me with honest attitude

This is the scale used in this research.