Juxtaposed verbs expressing motion, position and means relations

In RRG, modifying subevents subsume four subtypes: manner, motion, position and means relations. Juxtaposed verbs expressing a manner relation belong to nuclear juncture1 in Saisiyat, as reported in section 4.2. By contrast, juxtaposed verbs expressing motion, position and means relations belong to core junctures, which will be discussed in the following part of this section.

A motion relation is defined as ‘motion accompanying another action’, such as an example of Mparntwe Arrernte: angkaction-tyantyemotion- (speak-go.upwards) ‘speak while going up’ (Wilkins 1991, cited from Van Valin 2005:206). A position relation is defined as ‘stance while doing an action’ e.g. Kim satstance readingaction a book (Van Valin 2005:197). A means relation is defined as ‘the means by which an action is carried out’, e.g. Sam openedaction the box by slicingmean it with a knife (Van Valin 2005:206).

5.2.1 Grammatical properties of juxtaposed verbs expressing motion, position and means relations

Juxtaposed verbs expressing a motion relation can be interpreted by the following structural schema as shown in (5.17). They are composed of a motion verb such as rima’ ‘go’ or mwai’. ‘come[AV]’ and an action verb or another motion verb.⁶⁶ Voice

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marking is AV+AV as shown in (5.17a), and is exemplified in (5.18a). Other voice alignments are not observed for (5.17a): motion verbs and the other verbs (action or motion verbs) e.g., lalangoy ‘swim’ and do not have UVP forms in this type of verbal juxtapositions. (5.17b) represents this restriction: when both verbs can occur in UVP forms when are prefixed by the causative pa-. (5.17c) shows a different structure that is composed of a nominative actor and an UVP-marked action verb. (5.17d) shows the structure that motion verbs can occur in UVP by itself, when a location argument acts as the nominative argument and the theme the genitive argument.

(5.17) Schema of juxtaposed verbs expressing a motion relation Examples and related structures

a. ActorNOM + [V]motion.AV + Vaction/motion.AV (5.18a) b. ActorNOM + pa-[V]motion.UVP + pa-Vmotion/action.UVP (5.18b) ---

c. ActorNOM + pa-[V]action.UVP (5.18c)

d. Undergoer(LOCATION)NOM + [V]motion.UVP + undergoerGEN (5.18d)

(5.18) exemplifies the schema of (5.17).

(5.18) Examples of juxtaposed verbs expressing motion relation and related structures

a. hini ’alaw rima’motion lalangoyaction kabih-no-baala’.

this fish go swim next.to-DAT-river

‘This fish swims to the other side of the river.’

b. hini ’alaw pa-’osha-en pa-lalangoy-on kabih-no-baala’.

this fish CAUS-go-UVP CAUS-swim-UVP next.to-DAT-river

‘This fish was made to the other the other side of river (for being affected by

c. hini ’alaw pa-lalangoy-onaction kabih-no-baala’.

this fish CAUS-swim-UVP next.to-DAT-river

‘This fish was made to swim to the other the other side of river (for being affected by an abrupt event).’

d. hini baala’ ’osha’-enmotion noka ’aroma’ ’alaw.

this river go-UVP GEN other fish

‘There are other species of fish entering this river.’

A juxtaposed verb expressing a stance relation is composed of a stance verb and a verb following it, as schematized in (5.19a). Voice marking is AV+AV. Stance verbs neither exhibit UVP forms in (5.19b) nor can they be causativized in verbal juxtapositions as in (5.19d). Note that the non-stance verb cannot have AV form when the stance verb occur in UVP form, as schematized in (5.19c). The stance verb can occur after a clause with a pause between them, as shown in (5.19e). In this structure, the dislocated stance verb must be marked by the progressive clitics ’a(m)= or ’ima=.

(5.19) Schema of juxtaposed verbs expressing position relation Examples and a related structure

a. ActorNOM + [V]stance.AV + Vaction.AV (5.20a) b.*UndergoerNOM + [V]stance.UVP + Vaction.UVP (5.20b) c.*UndergoerNOM + [V]stance.UVP + Vaction.AV (5.20b’) d.*UndergoerNOM + pa-[V]stance.UVP + pa-Vaction.UVP (5.20c) ---

e [ActorNOM + Vaction.AV]clause, + PROG=[V]stance.AV (5.20a’)

(5.20) exemplifies the schema of (5.19).

(5.20) Saisiyat juxtaposed verbs expressing a position relation and the related structure

a. ’aro miririi’stance k<om>ita’action ka kinaat.

PN AV:stand <AV>see ACC book

‘Aro is reading books standing.’

a’.[’aro’ k<om>ita’action ka kinaat]clause, ’a(m)=miririi’stance.

PN <AV>see ACC book PROG=AV:stand ‘Aro reads books while he is standing.’

b.*kinaat ni ’aro’ ’irii’in-in kita’-en.

book GEN PN stand-UVP see-UVP

b’.*kinaat ni ’aro’ ’irii’in-in k<om>ita’.

book GEN PN stand-UVP <AV>see c.*kinaat ni ’aro’ pa-’irii’in-in kita’-en.⁶⁷

book GEN PN CAUS-stand-UVP see-UVP

Juxtaposed verbs expressing a mean relation can be represented by the schema in (5.21). They are composed of a verb denoting means and the other verb that is carried out by the means, with the voice marking of AV+AV in (5.21a). Note that the juxtaposed verb expressing a motion relation cannot exhibit the UVP+UVP pattern as schematized in (5.21b).

67 Note that when a stance verb is causativized, it occurs in infinite form. The sentence does not carry a stance meaning but expresses a sequential meaning. (i) exemplifies this point.

(i) kinaat ni ’aro’ pa-’iririi’(*-in), ’am=k<om>ita’.

book -stand(- ) =< >see

(5.21) Schema of juxtaposed verbs expressing a means relation Examples

a. ActorNOM + [V]AV + Vmeans.AV (5.22a)

b.*UndergoerNOM + [V]UVP + Vmeans.UVP (5.22b)

(5.22) exemplifies the schema of (5.21).

(5.22) Juxtaposed verbs expressing a means relation

a. korkoring [rima’ ray kakishkaatan]action [pa-pama’ ka

child go LOC school RED-carry.on.back ACC

kapapama’an]means. vehicle

‘The child goes to school by cars (implying bus).’

b.*papama’an ni korkoring [’osha’-en ray kakishkaatan]

vehicle GEN child go-UVP LOC school

[pa-pama’-en].

RED-carry.on.back-UVP

These juxtaposed verbs display following grammatical properties regarding interclausal relations. First, the CLM =o ‘and’ cannot occur inside juxtaposed verbs expressing the relations of motion and means in (5.23a-b), but can inside juxtaposed verbs expressing a position relation, as exemplified in (5.23c).

(5.23) Insertion of =o ‘and’⁶⁸

a.*hini ’alaw rima’=o lalangoy kabih-no-baala’. (motion) This fish go=CONJ swim next.to-DAT-river

Intended for ‘This fish swam to the other the other side of river.’

68 There is an inconsistent judgment between informants for this structure. The old generation of informants allow linking of =o between juxtaposed verb showing manner, position and means relation. The other informants do not allow the insertion of =o. This dissertation adopt the usage of