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514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532
533 534
FIGURE LEGENDS
535
Figure 1. Chemical structure of taraxeren-3-one 536
537
Figure 2. Analgesic effects of taraxeren-3-one and indomethacin (Indo) on acetic 538
acid-induced writhing response in mice. Each value represents as mean ± 539
S.E.M. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 as compared with the only 540
acetic acid induced group (one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe’s 541
multiple range test).
542 543
Figure 3. Effects of taraxeren-3-one and indomethacin (Indo) on the early phase and 544
late phase in formalin test in mice. Each value represents as mean ± S.E.M.
545
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 as compared with the control (Con) 546
group (one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe’s multiple range test).
547 548
Figure 4. Effects of taraxeren-3-one and indomethacin (Indo) on hind paw edema 549
induced by -carrageenan in mice. Each value represents as mean ± S.E.M.
550
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 as compared with the -carrageenan 551
(Carr) group (one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe’s multiple range test).
552
553
Figure 5. Effects of taraxeren-3-one and indomethacin (Indo) on carrageenan 554
(Carr)-induced MDA (A), NO (B), and TNF-α (C) concentrations of edema 555
paw and serum were detected at 5rd h in mice. Each value represents as 556
mean ± S.E.M. ###compared with sample of control group. *p < 0.05, **p <
557
0.01 and ***p < 0.001 as compared with the Carr group (one-way ANOVA 558
followed by Scheffe’s multiple range test).
559 560
Figure 6. Inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression by taraxeren-3-one 561
induced by Carr of foot at 5th hour in mice. Tissue suspended were then 562
prepared and subjected to Western blotting using an antibody specific for 563
iNOS and COX-2. β-actin was used as an internal control. (A) A 564
representative Western blot from two separate experiments is shown. (B) 565
Relative iNOS and COX-2 protein levels were calculated with reference to a 566
Carr-injected mouse. ###compared with sample of control group. The data 567
were presented as mean ± S.D. for three different experiments performed in 568
triplicate. ***p < 0.001 were compared with Carr-alone group.
569 570
Figure 7. Histological appearance of the mouse hind footpad after a subcutaneous 571
injection with 0.9% saline (Control group) or carrageenan stained with H&E 572
stain. (A) Control mice: show the normal appearance of dermis and 573
subdermis without any significantly lesion. (B) Hemorrhage with 574
moderately extravascular red blood cell and large amount of inflammatory 575
leucocyte mainly neutrophil infiltration in the subdermis interstitial tissue of 576
mice following the subcutaneous injection of Carr only. Moreover, detail of 577
the subdermis layer show enlargement of the interstitial space caused by 578
edema with exudate fluid. (C) Indomethacin (Indo) significantly reduces the 579
level of hemorrhage, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration compared to 580
subcutaneous injection of Carr only. (D) Taraxeren-3-one significantly 581
show morphological alterations compared to subcutaneous injection of Carr 582
only (100×). (E) The numbers of neutrophils were counted in each scope 583
(400×) and obtain their average count from five scopes of every tissue slice.
584
###p < 0.001 as compared with the control group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and 585
***p < 0.001 as compared with the Carr group.
586 587 588
Figure. 1.
589
590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603
Figure. 2.
605
_ 5 10 20
Numbers of Writhing Response
0 10 20 30 40 50
***
**
Indo taraxeren-3-one
***
*
1% Acetic acid
(mg/kg) 10
606 607
Figure 3.
608
_ 5 10 20
Licking time (sec)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
140 Early phase
Late phase
Indo taraxeren-3-one
5 % Formalin
***
**
***
*
(mg/kg) 10
609 610
Figure 4.
611
Time (hrs)
0 1 2 3 4 5
v (ml)
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
Carr
Carr + Indo 10 mg/kg (i.p.)
Carr + taraxeren-3-one 5 mg /kg (i.p.) Carr + taraxeren-3-one 10 mg /kg (i.p.) Carr + taraxeren-3-one 20 mg /kg (i.p.)
***
*** ***
*** ***
**
612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
630
A.
631
632
B.
633
*** ** **
iNOS and COX-2 (% of control)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.2 iNOS
COX-2
### ###
**
Control - 10 20 (mg/kg)
Indo taraxeren-3-one
Carr
** **
***
634 635 636 637
638
Figure 7.
640
641
C o n t r o l _ 10 20
Neutrophil scope / (cell)
0 20 40 60 80
###
***
***
taraxeren-3-one Carr.
(mg/kg) Indo
642
E
Table 1. Effects of taraxeren-3-one and indomethacin (Indo) on the liver SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH activities in mice.
643
Groups SOD
(U/mg protein)
CAT (U/mg protein)
GPx (U/mg protein)
GSH (U/mg protein)
Control 98.00 ± 0.01 0.72 ± 0.02 10.01 ± 0.21 5.01 ± 0.15
Carr 51.04 ± 0.02### 0.21 ± 0.01### 3.25 ± 0.03### 2.52 ± 0.01###
Carr+ Indo 82.14 ± 0.16 0.53 ± 0.22 7.35 ± 0.06 3.49 ± 0.12***
Carr+ Taraxeren-3-one (5 mg/Kg)
72.13 ± 0.09 0.41 ± 0.43* 6.79 ± 0.01*
3.01 ± 0.32*
Carr+ Taraxeren-3-one (10 mg/Kg)
80.02 ± 1.08* 0.45 ± 0.52** 7.16 ± 0.28**
3.35 ± 0.02**
Carr+Taraxeren-3-one (20 mg/Kg)
81.04 ± 1.13** 0.49 ± 0.31*** 7.19 ± 0.63***
3.81 ± 0.42***
Each value represents as mean ± S.E.M. ### p < 0.001 as compared with control group, 644
* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01 as compared with the Carr (-carrageenan) group (one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe’s multiple range test).
645 646