Numerical modeling of a pilot scale wet ESP

Typical design parameters for ESPs are shown in Table 4.4. Based on the range of parameters as shown in this table, the effect of different parameters on particle collection efficiency for ESPs was investigated. Figure 4.22 shows turbulent flow field in the simulated pilot scale wet ESP, which is 750 mm in length, 300 mm in width, and 6 m in height.

Figure 4.23 shows collection efficiencies of particles in the pilot scale wet ESP under different design parameters. When the applied voltage was 70 kV, the air velocity was 1 m/s, the wire to wire spacing was 75 mm, the wire to plated spacing was 150 mm (sy/sx=2.0), and the diameter of 3 discharge wires was 2.5 mm, the collection efficiency for particles with 5≦dp≦100 nm was calculated to be 14.5-29.3 %. When the ratio of sy/sx was changed from 2.0 to 1.0 by shortening the wire to plate spacing from 150 to 75 mm, the collection efficiency for particles of the same size range was increased to 22.5-58.4 %. It is obvious that a decrease of the wire to plate spacing results in an increase in particle collection efficiency.

When the wire to wire spacing was 75 mm, wire to plate spacing was 75 mm, and the air velocity was 0.6 m/s, the particle collection efficiency was increased to 62.3-94.8 % by adding three additional discharge wires with the diameter of 2.5 mm, as shown in Figure 4.22.

Under theses conditions, the collection efficiency was calculated to slightly decrease to 56.6-92.5 % when the ratio of sy/sx was 1.5 by shortening the wire to wire spacing from 75 to 50 mm. This is because the average current density at collection plates decreases with decreasing wire to wire spacing at a fixed applied voltage as shown in MacDonald et al.

(1977).

The particle collection efficiency of the pilot scale ESP with sy/sx of 1.0 can be further increased to 64-96.2 % by reducing the wire diameter to 1.3 mm at the air velocity of 0.6 m/s.

This result can be attributed to the fact that a decrease in the wire diameter leads to a lower starting voltage and higher average current density at collection plates for the same applied

In summary, at a fixed applied voltage and aerosol velocity, the collection efficiency of ESPs can be increased by reducing the wire diameter, increasing the number of discharge wires, and decreasing the wire to plate spacing.

Figure 4.24 shows the comparison of the collection efficiency for particles with 5≦dp≦100 nm in the ESP which have 3-12 discharge wires (diameter=2.5 mm). When the collection efficiencies in the ESP which has n discharge wires, ηn, were calculated by using the present numerical model, the collection efficiency in the ESP which has m discharge wires, ηm, can be predicted by



^{1 (1 )}



^100%

(%)   _n ^m/n 

m 

 (4.3)

where m is a multiple of n. As shown in Figure 4.24 (a), the simulated collection efficiencies in the ESP with 6 discharge wires are in good agreement with those calculated by using Equation (4.3). Thus, Equations (4.3) can be used to predict particle collection efficiency in the ESP with multiple discharge wires. Figure 4.24 (b) shows simulated particle collection efficiency obtain by using the present model in the ESP with 6 discharge wires, and the collection efficiency calculated by using Equation (4.3) in the ESP with 12 discharge wires.

As shown in this Figure, the nanoparticle collection efficiency can be increased to 87.84-99.9% by adding additional 6 discharge wires without changing other parameters.

Table 4.4 Typical design parameter for ESPs (http://yosemite.epa.gov/oaqps/EOGtrain.nsf/

DisplayView/SI_412A_0-5?OpenDocument).

Parameter Range

Wire to wire spacing (m) 0.15-0.3

Wire to plate spacing (m) 0.075-0.15

Wire diameter (mm) 1.3-3.8

Aerosol velocity (m/s) 0.6-2

0 0.6 0

0.15

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

Turbulent flow field (m/s)

Aerosol inlet

:Discharge wire

Collection plate

(a)

Figure 4.22 Turbulent flow field in the simulated pilot scale wet ESP, (a) simulated result calculated by using SIMPLER algorithm (Patankar 1980).

10 100 Particle diameter (nm)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Collection efficiency (%)

s_x=75 mm, s_y=75 mm, 6 wires, dia.=1.3 mm

s_x=75 mm, s_y=75 mm, 6 wires, dia.=2.5 mm

s_x=50 mm, s_y=75 mm, 6 wires, dia.=2.5 mm

air velocity=1m/s, s_x=75 mm, s_y=150 mm, 3 wires, dia.=2.5 mm air velocity=1m/s, s_x=75 mm, s_y=75 mm, 3 wires, dia.=2.5 mm

Air velocity

=0.6 m/s

Figure 4.23 Collection efficiencies of particles in the pilot scale wet ESP under different design parameters. The applied voltage was 70 kV.

10 100 Particle diameter (nm)

20 40 60 80 100

Collection efficiency (%)

Numerical results air velocity=1m/s, s_x=75 mm, s_y=75 mm, 3 wires, dia.=2.5 mm

air velocity=1m/s, s_x=75 mm, s_y=75 mm, 6 wires, dia.=2.5 mm

calculated by using eq. (4.3)

numerical results

(a)

10 100

Particle diameter (nm) 20

40 60 80 100

Collection efficiency (%)

air velocity=1m/s,s_x=75 mm, s_y=75 mm, dia.=1.3 mm

numerical results, 6 wires calculated by using eq. (4.3), 12 wires

(b)

Figure 4.24 Comparison of the collection efficiency for particles with 5≦dp≦100 nm in ESPs which have 3, 6, or 9 discharge wires (diameter=2.5 mm). (a) The ESPs have 3 and 6 wires, (b) The ESP have 6 and 9 wires.

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions

This study designed and developed a parallel-plate single-stage wet ESP to control fine and nanosized particles without the need of rapping. Sand-blasted copper plates coated with TiO2 nanopowders were used as collection plates to enhance hydrophilicity for the scrubbing water film. A pulse jet valve was used to clean the corona wires regularly. Corn oil particles were used to conduct particle collection efficiency experiments with different applied voltages and aerosol flow rates under an initially clean condition. TiO2 nanopowder was used to create heavy loading conditions to compare the particle collection efficiency of the dry and present wet ESP.

The experimental results showed that the present wet ESP can be operated to efficiently control fine and nanosized particles at an aerosol flow rate of 5 L/min, applied voltage of 4.3 kV and scrubbing water flow rate per collection surface area of 2.31 L/min/m² under the initially clean condition.

Under heavy loading conditions with a TiO2 loading quantity of 0.6±0.06 g/hr/plate, the dry ESP particle collection efficiency decreased below 35 % for corn oil particles in the electrical mobility diameter range of 16.8-615 nm after two hours of loading. Under the same loading conditions, the collection efficiency for corn oil particles in the same size range was measured to be as high as 94.9-99.9 % for the wet ESP. This is because the uniform scrubbing water film and the pulse jet can effectively clean the collection plates and the corona wires, respectively, to keep the collection efficiency high.

For practical applications, the present lab-scale wet ESP could be scaled up to a size that allows treatment at high aerosol flow rates. When particles deposit on the collection electrode

collection electrode. Therefore, it is expected that the present wet ESP can be used to control fine and nanosized particulates emitted from nanomaterial manufacturing processes without the typical problems associated with dry ESPs, such as particle reentrainment due to rapping and back corona due to the formation of the dust cake with high specific resistivity. In addition, since the particle collection efficiency of the present wet ESP is very high, it can be used as airborne particle samplers. The collected liquid samples can be analyzed further for chemical compositions.

In order to predict the particle collection efficiency in ESPs, a detailed 2-D mathematical model was developed to predict the flow field, the electric field strength, the ion concentration, the charged particle concentration distribution in the single-stage wire-in-plate ESPs. The predicted electric field strength and ion concentration distribution was calculated to match with analytical solutions in a benchmark problem of the wire-in-tube ESP. The comparison of the numerical collection efficiencies based on Fuchs charging model (1963) and the experimental data of the dry ESP in Huang and Chen (2002) shows reasonable agreement with a deviation smaller than 20 % for particles with 30≦dp≦100 nm. For dp<20 nm, the predicted aerosol penetration based on the charging model of Marlow and Brock (1975) were found to match better with the experimental data than that based on Fuchs charging model.

Aerosol penetration was found to increase with decreasing particle diameter from 20 to 2 nm due to the partial charging effect. In the wet ESP of Lin et al. (2010), the predicted collection efficiencies are also shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data for 50 and 10 nm particles, respectively.

The numerical results show that partial charging can occur which reduces collection efficiency for particles smaller than 20 nm when the applied voltage is not high enough.

Increasing the applied voltage of the ESPs can minimize the partial charging effect and increases the nanoparticle collection efficiency to nearly 100 %.

For particles with 0.1≦dp≦10 μm, the numerical model based on Lagrangian method

was found to predict particle collection efficiency accurately comparing with the experimental data in Huang and Chen (2002) and Chang and Bai (1999). This is because the combined charging model can be used to predict particle charges accurately in the continuum charging regime (Kn1).

The present numerical model has been validated carefully and can be used to facilitate the design and scale-up of the single-stage wire-in-plate wet ESPs to control the emission of fine and nanosized particles. Furthermore, the present model provides detailed spatial distribution of charged nanoparticles with the consideration of nonuniform distribution of flow field, electric field strength and ion concentration, which enables the design of efficient electrostatic nanoparticle samplers for sampling and characterization of nanoparticles.

5.2 Recommendations

1. In the present numerical model, the effect of the particle reentrainment, particle loading, EHD flow and the particle shape on the collection efficiency in ESPs was not taken into consideration. To investigate the effect of the above physical properties on the particle collection efficiencies in ESPs, more improvements in the present numerical model are need.

2. Different shapes of wires such as spiked band, pipe and double-spike, and pipe and double-spike were used to decrease the corona onset voltage and increase the ion concentration due to those high roughness factors (Jedrusik and Swierczok 2006). The effect of the discharge wires’ shapes on the particle collection efficiency in ESPs should be further studied.

3. The numerical model for predicting particle collection efficiency in ESPs which have discharge wires with irregular shape is still in need. A 3-D numerical model needs to be developed to simulate the electric field and ion concentration distribution generated by

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VITA

Name: Guan-Yu Lin

Date of Birth: Apr. 5, 1982

Place of Birth: Taichung, Republic of China Education:

2006.8-2010.10 National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Rpublic of China, Ph. D. program in Environmental Engineering

2004.6-2006.8 National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Rpublic of China, M. S. program in Environmental Engineering

2000.6-2004.6 Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, Rpublic of China, B. S.

program in Environmental Science and Engineering

Title of Dissertation: A Wire-in-Plate Wet Electrostatic Precipitator for Controlling Fine and Nanosized Particle Emission

簡　 歷 作者：林冠宇

出生日期：民國71 年 4 月 5 日 出生地：台灣，台中

學歷：國立交通大學環境工程研究所博士班，95 年 8 月-99 年 10 月 　 　 國立交通大學環境工程研究所碩士班，93 年 6 月-95 年 8 月 私立東海大學環境科學與工程系，89 年 6 月 93 年 6 月

論文題目：一個控制細微粒及奈米微粒排放的電極線-平板型濕式靜電集塵器

PUBLICATION LIST Journal papers

1. Chuen-Jinn Tsai, Hsi-Chen Lin, Kuan-Yu Lin, Tung-Sheng Shih, Kai-Chung Chang, I-Fu Hung, C.G. Deshpande (2006). Sampling Time Effect on 2,4-Toluene Diisocyanate Concentrations by Different Samplers, Separation Science and Technology, 41:

1799-1812.

2. Chuen-Jinn Tsai, Guan-Yu Lin, Sheng-Chieh Chen (2008). A Parallel-Plate Wet Denuder for Acidic Gas Measurement, AIChE J. 54:2198-2205.

3. Lin, G. Y., Tsai, C. J., Chen, S. C., Tzu, M. C., and Li, S. N. (2010). An Efficient Single-Stage Wet Electrostatic Precipitator for Fine and Nanosized Particle Control, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 44:38-45.

4. Lin, G. Y., Tsai, C. J. (2010). Numerical Modeling of Nanoparticle Collection Efficiency of Single-Stage Wire-in-Plate Electrostatic Precipitator, Aerosol Sci. Technol.

(accepted).

5. Tsai, C. J. Lin, G. Y., Chen, H. L., Huang, C. H., and Alonso, M. (2010). Enhancement of Extrinsic Charging Efficiency of a Nanoparticle Charger with Multiple Discharging Wires, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 44:807-816.

6. Ku, Y. P., Yang, C., Tsai, C. J., and Lin, G. Y. (2010). An Online Parallel-Plate Wet Denuder Technique for Monitoring Acetic Acid Gas, AAQR, Oct. (in press).

Conference papers

1. Tsai, C. J., Lin, G. Y., Chen, H. L., and Chen, S. C. (2008). “Development of a Nanoparticle Charger”, Abstract, EAC 2008, Thessaloniki, Greece, Aug. 24-29.

2. Chen, S. C., Tsai, C. J., Wu, C. H., Chang, C. S., Lin, G. Y., Chen, S. J., Tsai, J. H., Lin, C. C., Chou, C. C. K., Huang, W. R., Roam, G. D., Wu, W. Y., Smolik, J., and Pui, D. Y.

3. Lin, G. Y., Tsai, C. J., Chen, T. M., Lee, S. N. (2009). “A Parallel-Plate Wet Electrostatic Precipitator for Nanoparticle Control”, Abstract, NanOEH 2009, Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 26-29.

4. Tsai, C. J., Chien, C. L., Chen, H. L., Lin, G. Y. (2010). “Experimental and Numerical Study of a Nanoparticle Charger by using Sheath Air Flow”, Abstract, IAC 2010, Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 29-Sep. 3.

5. Lin, G. Y., Chien, C. L., Tsai, C. J. (2010), “A mathematical model for predicting the nanosized particle collection efficiency in a single-stage wire-in-plate wet electrostatic precipitator”, Abstract, IAC 2010, Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 29-Sep. 3.

Patents

1. 蔡春進、林冠宇 (2010)，“平板式濕式分離器、包含此平板式濕式分離器之用於連 續式採樣及分析之系統及用於將氣體吸收及氧化之設備＂，中華民國專利，證書號 數：I327641。

2 . 具有脈衝噴氣清洗放電電極線的濕式靜電集塵器(patent pending)。

2 . 具有脈衝噴氣清洗放電電極線的濕式靜電集塵器(patent pending)。

在文檔中 一個控制細微粒及奈米微粒排放的電極線-平板型濕式靜電集塵器 (頁 97-0)