10 Marine Algae
10.1.4 Phylum Tracheophyta
Species of this phylum are similar to bryophyts. Two species were recorded from Kuwait (Table 62 (Al-Yamani et al., 2014).
Table 62: Marine macroalage (Phylum Tracheophyta) reported from Kuwait.
Class Order Family Species
Monocots Alismatales Cymodoceaceae Halodule uninervis (Forsskål 1775) Hydrocharitaceae Halophila ovalis (R. Brown 1810)
References
Abdel-Kareem, M.S.M. (2009). ‘Phenetic studies and new records of Sargassum species (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) from the Arabian Gulf Coast of Saudi Arabia’. Acad. J. Plant Sci. 2: 174-181.
Al-Hasan, R. and Jones, W.E. (1989). ‘Marine algal flora and seagrasses of the coast of Kuwait’. J. Univ.
Kuwait (Science) 16: 289-340.
Al-Yamani, F.Y., Polikarpov, I., Al-Ghunaim, A. and Mikhaylova, T. (2014). Field Guide of Marine Macroalgae (Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyceae) of Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.
Basson, P.W. (1979a). ‘Marine algae of the Arabian Gulf Coast of Saudi Arabia (first half). Botanica Marina 5:47-64. doi.org/10.1515/botm.1979.22.1.47
Basson, P.W. (1979b). ‘Marine algae of the Arabian Gulf Coast of Saudi Arabia (second half)’. Botanica Marina 5:65-82. doi.org/10.1515/botm.1979.22.2.65
Basson, P.W. (1992). ‘Checklist of marine algae of the Arabian Gulf’. J. Univ. Kuwait (Science) 19: 217-232.
Jones, D.A. (1986). A Field Guide to the Seashore of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf, pp 192. UK: Blandford Press.
Kamel, B.S. (1981). ‘Chemical composition of Arabian Gulf seaweeds’. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaftlich über Technologie 14:160-162.
Mohammadi, M. and Asbchin, S.A. (2011). ‘The seaweeds of Persian Gulf: A potential sources of mineral’. World Appl. Sci. J. 14: 37-41.
Newton, L.M. (1955). ‘The marine algae of Kuwait’. In The Wild Flowers of Kuwait and Bahrain. Edited by V. Dickson. London: Allen and Unwin, pp. 100-102.
Nizamuddin, M. and Gessner, F. (1970). ‘The marine algae of northern part of the Arabian Sea and of the Persian Gulf. “Meteor” ’. Forschungs-Ergebnisse Reihe D 6: 1-42.
Sohrabipour, J. and Rabii, R. (1999). ‘A list of marine algae of seashores of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea in the Hormozgan province’. Iranian Journal of Botany 8:131-162.
Subba Rao, D. and Al-Yamani, F. 1998. ‘Phytoplankton ecology in the waters between Shatt Al-Arab and Straits of Hormuz, Arabian Gulf: A review’. Plankton Biology & Ecology 45: 101-116.
Wynne, M.J. (2001). ‘New records of benthic marine algae from the Sultanate of Oman, northern Arabian Sea’. II. Nova Hedwigia 72:347-374. doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/72/2001/347
10.1.5 Marine Macroalgae
Table 63: Marine algae major groups.
10.1.5.2 Phylum Bacillariophyta
The dinoflagellates of Kuwait consists of about 105 species (Annex 9), in two class, 5 orders, 17 families and 37 genera (Al-Kandari et al., 2009) (Figure 45). Several other papers dealt with algal bloom and harm affecting fish (Heil et al., 2001; Al- Yamani et al., 2002 &
2012; Gilbert et al., 2002).
Figure 45: Books on the phytoplanktons and diatoms of Kuwait.
References
Al- Yamani, F., Ismail, W., Al-Rifaie, K., M’Harzi, Arao, D.V.S., Lennox, A., Saeed, T., Al-Ghadban, A.N., AlMatrouk, K., Bahlol, M. and Al-Khabaz, (2002). Oceanographic and environmental assessment of Kuwait Bay in relevance to toxic algal blooms. Final report, restricted, FM028K.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Report No. KISR 6558, July 2002.
Al-Yamani, F., Saburova, M. and Polikarpov, I. (2012.) ‘A preliminary assessment of harmful algal blooms in Kuwait’s marine environment’. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 15:64–72.
doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2012.679450
Al-Kandari, M., Al-Yamani, F.Y. and Al-Rifaie, K. (2009). ‘Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters’. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat: Kuwait.
Gilbert, P.M., Landsberg, J.H., Evans, J.J., Al-Sarawi, M.A., Faraj, M., Al-Jarallah, M.A., Haywood, A., Ibrahem, S., Klesius, P., Powell, C., and Shoemaker, C. (2002). ‘A Fish kill of massive proportion in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Gulf, 2001: The roles of bacterial disease, harmful algae, and eutrophication’. Harmful Algae 1:215-231. doi.org/10.1016/S1568-9883(02)00013-6
Heil, C.A., Glibert, P.M., Al-Sarawi, M.A., Faraj, M., Behbehani, M. and Husain, M. (2001). ‘First record of a fish-killing Gymnodinium sp. bloom in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Sea: chronology and potential causes’. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 214: 15-23. doi.org/10.3354/meps214015
A total of 202 species of diatoms representing three classes, 28 orders, 44 families and 75 genera (Annex 10) were reported from the Kuwaiti waters (Hendey, 1970; Dorgham et al., 1987; Jacob & Al-Muzaini, 1990; Basson, 1992; Subba Rao & Al-Yamani, 1998; Subba Rao et al., 2003; Al-Kandari et al., 2009). Al-Yamani & Saburova (2011 & 2019) published the most comprehensive list of the diatoms
References
Al-Yamani, F.Y. and Saburova, M.A. (2011). Illustrated Guide on the Benthic Diatoms of Kuwait›s Ma-rine Environment. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait.
Al-Yamani, F., Saburova, M. (2019). Marine Phytoplankton of Kuwait’s Waters. Vol. 2. Diatoms. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait, 336 p. ISBN 978-99966-37-20-9.
Al-Kandari, M., Al-Yamani, F.Y. and Al-Rifaie, K. (2009). Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait.
Basson, P.W (1992). ‘Checklist of marine algae of the Arabian Gulf’. Journal of the University of Kuwait (Science) 19: 217-230.
Dorgham, M.M., Muftah, A. and El-Deeb, K.Z. (1987). ‘Plankton studies in the Arabian Gulf: II- The autumn phytoplankton in the northwestern area’. Arab Gulf J. Scient. Res. Agric. Biol. Sci. 5 215-235.
Bu-Olayan, A.H., Al-Hassan, R., Thomas, B. V. and Subrahmanyam, M.N.V. (2001). ‘Impact of trace metals and nutrients levels on phytoplankton from the Kuwait Coast’. Environment International 26: 199-203. doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(00)00106-9
Hendey, N.I. (1970). ‘Some littoral diatoms of Kuwait’. Nova Hedwigia 31:101-167.
Ismail, W.A., Al-Yamani, F.Y. and Al-Rifaie, K. (1999). Guide for the phytoplankton of the Arabian Gulf.
Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research, Report No. KISR 5607, Kuwait.
Jacob, P.G. and Al-Muzaini, S. (1990). Marine plants of the Arabian Gulf: A literature review. Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research, Report No. KISR 3426, Kuwait.
Subba Rao, D.V. and Al-Yamani, F. (1998). ‘Phytoplankton ecology in the waters between Shatt Al-Arab and Straits of Hormuz, Arabian Gulf: A review’. Plankton Biol. Ecol. 45: 101-116.
Subba Rao, D.V., Al-Yamani, F., Lennox, A., Pan, Y., Al-Said, T.F.O. (1999). ‘Biomass and production characteristics of the first red tide noticed in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Gulf’. J. Plankton Res. 21:
805–810. doi.org/10.1093/plankt/21.4.805
Subba Rao, D.V., Al-Hassan, J.M., Al-Yamani, F., Al-Rafaie, K., Ismail, W., Nageswara Rao, C.V. and Al-Hassan, M. (2003). ‘Elusive red tides in Kuwait coastal waters’. Harmful Algae News 24 10–13.
Al-Kandari et al. (2009) and Subba Rao & Al-Yamani (1998) have summarized available knowledge of phytoplankton from the northern Arabian Gulf and described the region as a distinct biotope, with a north-south gradient in phytoplankton diversity and abundance. Other published reports include Jacob et al. (1979), Al-Hasan et al. (1983 &1989) and Jones (1986).
Table 64: Other marine phytoplanktons.
Phylum Class Order Family Species
Chromophyta Cryptophyceae Cryptononadales Cryptononadaceae Plagioselmis sp. 1
Raphidophyceae Chattonellaceae Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hara et Chihara 1987 Dictyochophyceae Dictyochalis Dictyochaceae Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg 1839
Dictyocha speculum Ehrenberg 1839 Prymnesiophyceae Prymnesiales Phaeocystaceae Phaeocystis sp. 1
10.1.5.3 Other marine phytoplankton
References
Al-Hasan, R. H. and Sallal, A-K. J. (1985). ‘Preliminary studies on a halotolerant alga: Dunaliella sp. from Kuwait salt marshes’. Journal of University of Kuwait 12: 205-214.
Al-Hasan, R. H. and Jones, W. E. (1989). ‘Marine algal flora and sea grasses of the coast of Kuwait’.
Journal of University of Kuwait 16: 289-340.
Al-Kandari, M., Al-Yamani, F.Y. and Al-Rifaie, K. (2009). ‘Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Wa-ters’. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait.
Jacob, P.G., Zarba, M.A. and Anderlini, V. (1979). ‘Hydrography, chlorophyll and plankton of the Kuwaiti coastal waters’. Indian Journal of Mar. Sci. 8:150–154.
Jones, D. A. (1986). A field guide to the sea shores of Kuwait and the Arabian Gulf, pp 192. University of Kuwait.
Chlorophyceae Volvocales Dunaliellaceae Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodoresco 1905 Cyanophyta Cyanophyceaea Oscillatoriales Phormidiaceae Trichodesmium erythraeum Ehrenberg 1830
Spirulina sp. 1