Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations
5.2 Recommendations
5.2 Recommendations
Based on this study, the recommendations to solve the problems of the limit excess air ratio at high biogas supply rate and the lower limit of biogas supply to engine, and the future works are suggested:
1. Redesign the engine to increase the volume limit of gas into the engine.
2. Use the biogas with higher concentration of methane to increase the lower limiting biogas supply rate.
3. Use oxygen-enriched air to increase the lower limit biogas supply rate.
4. Continue the engine tests with higher concentration of methane in a swine farm of 10,000 pigs to identify the scale-up effect.
5. Construct the biogas and pure methane supply switch system. After the engine runs with biogas in an operation duration and is going to stop, switch the fuel into pure methane to maintain the combustion for 1 to 2 minutes to clean up H2S residue in the engine. Measure the SOX in the waste gas for knowing the time to clean H2S.
53
References
[1] Wen-Tien Tsai, Che-I Lin, “Overview analysis of bioenergy from livestock manure management in Taiwan”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, pp. 2682-2688, 2009.
[2] Jung-Jeng Su, Bee-Yang Liu, Yuan-Chie Chang, “Emission of greenhouse gas from livestock waste and wastewater treatment in Taiwan”, Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 95, pp. 253-263, 2003.
[3] Shang-Shyng Yang, Chung-Ming Liu, Yen-Lan Liu, “Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emission from animal production sector in Taiwan during 1990–2000”, Chemosphere, 52, pp. 1381-1388, 2003.
[4] Wen-Tien Tsai, “Bioenergy from landfill gas (LFG) in Taiwan”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11, pp. 331-334, 2007.
[5] N. Tippayawong, A. Promwungkwa, P. Rerkkriangkrai, “Long-term operation of a small biogas/diesel dual-fuel engine for on-farm electricity generation”, Biosystems Engineering, 98, pp. 26-32, 2007.
[6] Ivan Dario Bedoya , Andres Amell Arrieta, Francisco Javier Cadavid,
“Effects of mixing system and pilot fuel quality on diesel–biogas dual fuel engine performance”, Bioresource Technology, 100, pp.
6624-6629, 2009.
[7] J.B. Holm-Nielsen, T. Al Seadi, P. Oleskowicz-Popiel, “The future of anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization”, Bioresource Technology, 100, pp. 5478-5484, 2009.
[8] Uffe Jorgensena, Tommy Dalgaarda, Erik Steen Kristensen,
“Biomass energy in organic farming—the potential role of short
54
rotation coppice”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 28, pp. 237-248, 2005.
[9] Petros Axaopoulos, Panos Panagakis, “Energy and economic analysis of biogas heated livestock buildings”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 24, pp.
239-248, 2003.
[10] Pal Borjesson, Maria Berglund, “Environmental systems analysis of biogas systems—Part I: Fuel-cycle emissions”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 30, pp. 469-485, 2006.
[11] A. Rodriguez Andara, J.M. Lomas Esteban, “Kinetic study of the anaerobic digestion of the solid fraction of piggery slurries”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 17, pp. 435-443, 1999.
[12] JIANG Yao-hua et al., “Research of Biogas as Fuel for Internal Combustion Engine”, IEEE Xplore, 2009.
[13] Semin, Abdul Rahim Ismail, Rosli Abu Bakar, “Effect of Diesel Engine Converted to Sequential Port Injection Compressed Natural Gas Engine on the Cylinder Pressure vs Crank Angle in Variation Engine Speeds”, American J. of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2 (1):154-159, 2009.
[14] Bui Van Ga, Tran Van Nam, Tran Thanh Hai Tung, Truong Le Bich Tram, “Biogas-Petroleum Conversion Kit for Stationary Engines”
Environment Protection Research Center, 2009
[15] Chung, Y.C., K.L. Ho, C.P. Tseng, “Two-stage biofilter for effective NH3 removal from waste gases containing high concentrations of H2S”, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 57: 337-347, 2007
[16] Sheng-Yi Chiu, Chien-Ya Kao, Chiun-Hsun Chen, Tang-Ching Kuan, Seow-Chin Ong, Chih-Sheng Lin, “Reduction of CO2 by a high-density culture of Chlorella sp. in a semicontinuous
55
photobioreactor”, Bioresource Technology, Volume 99, Issue 9, June, Pages 3389-3396, 2008
[17] 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gases inventories.
Paris (France): IPCC, 2006
[18] Dieter Deublein, Angelika Steinhauser, “Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources”, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2008.
56
Fig. 1.1 Simple Carbon Cycle for Biogas
Fig. 1.2 Scope of this Research
57
Fig. 2.1 Range of Capacities for the Power Generators
Fig. 2.2 Values of Power Generators
58
Fig. 3.1a Experiment Layout
Fig. 3.1b Waste Heat Recovery Layout
59
Fig. 3.1c Oxygen-Enriched Combustion Layout
Fig. 3.2 Four stroke diesel engine
60
Fig. 3.3a VA-400 flow sensor
Fig. 3.3b VA-400 flow sensor data
61
Fig. 3.4a TF-4000 Flow meter
62
Fig. 3.4b TF-4000 Flow Meter Data
63
Fig. 3.5a K-Type Thermocouple
Fig. 3.5b J-Type Thermocouple
64
Fig. 3.6a VF-2000 Vortex Flow Sensor
Fig. 3.6b VF-2000 Detailed Data Model Code : VF-2032-F01
65
Fig. 3.7 IMR 1400 Gas Analyzer
Fig. 3.8 Water Pump
66
Fig. 3.9a Heat Exchanger
Fig. 3.9b Slab with Fins and Pipes
67
Fig. 3.10a CompactDAQ Chassis
Fig. 3.10b NI 9203 Analog Input Module
68
Fig. 3.10c NI 9211 Analog Input Module
69
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 0
Fig. 4.1 Power generation v.s. excess air ratio at different biogas supply rates
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 0.10
Fig. 4.2 Thermal efficiency v.s. excess air ratio at different biogas supply rates
70
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 400
Fig. 4.3 Waste gas temperature v.s. excess air ratio with different biogas supply rates
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 0
Fig. 4.4 O2 concentration in waste gas v.s. excess air ratio with different biogas supply rates
71
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 150
Fig. 4.5 CO concentration v.s. excess air ratio with different biogas supply rates
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 6
Fig. 4.6 CO2 concentration in waste gas v.s. excess air ratio with different biogas supply rates
72
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 0.70
Figure 4.7 Estimated CH4 consumption ratios in combustion with different biogas supply rates as a function excess air ratio
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 10
Fig. 4.8 Power generation v.s. excess air ratio with different biogas supply rates with normal one and 1% O2 addition
73
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 0.18
Fig. 4.9 Thermal efficiency v.s. excess air ratio with different biogas supply rates with normal one and 1% O2 addition
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 0.70
Fig. 4.10 Estimated CH4 consumption ratios in combustion with different biogas supply rates as a function excess air ratio for normal one and
1%oxygen addition
74
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 10
Fig. 4.11 Power generation v.s. excess air ratio with different biogas supply rates with normal one and 3% O2 addition
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 0.18
Fig. 4.12 Thermal efficiency v.s. excess air ratio at different biogas supply rates with normal one and 3% O2 addition
75
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 0.65
0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Used CH 4 (%)
Excess Air Ratio
3% oxygen 260L/min 240L/min 220L/min Normal
260L/min 240L/min 220L/min
Fig. 4.13 Estimated CH4 consumption ratios in combustion with different biogas supply rates as a function excess air ratio for normal one and
3%oxygen addition