CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE
5.2 Recommendations for future study
1. Variation in particle morphology and humidity can influence the charging efficiency (Kulkarni et al. 2011). Most aerosol particles, such as soot aggregates and dust particles, are non-spherical. Unipolar diffusion charging data for these non-spherical particles were shown to have higher charging efficiency than that for spherical particles (Ntziachristos et al. 2004; Jung and Kittelson 2005). Moreover, ion properties depend on the gas composition. For instance, water vapor, which is a primary clustering species in the atmosphere, may attach to the ions and lead to increased ion mass and decreased ion mobility (Davidson and Gentry 1984; Jung and Kittelson 2005). However, many investigators employ published values of the ion properties without considering the influence of humidity. Therefore, it is important to address the influence of particle morphology and humidity on the charging efficiency in the future.
2. In the current charger employing corona discharge, new particles may be generated by gas-to-particle conversion process if gas contaminants (such as NOx, SOx, and volatile organic vapors) are present (Liu et al. 1987; Murray et al. 1988; Hobbs et al.
1990). The potential particle deposition on the corona wire can result in unstable ion generation which requires investigation for possible solution.
3. The influence of discharge wire material on the operating time of the corona-wire charger has been studied (Asbach et al. 2004, 2005). Both gold and tungsten have been recommended as electrode material for continuous operation for more than three months. Future work should explore the use of other materials, such as tungsten wire for possible longer operation time.
APPENDIX: Comparison of the simulated intrinsic charging efficiency of the charger with radial sheath air with the theoretical results
The birth-and-death theory proposed by Boisdron and Brock (1970) was used to derive the theoretical intrinsic charging efficiency for the charger with radial sheath air.
The basic equation for unipolar diffusion charging based on the birth-and-death theory can be written as (Adachi et al. 1985)
where Np,0 is the number concentration of uncharged particles (particles/m3), t is the charging time (sec), is the combination coefficient of ions for uncharged particles 0
(m3/s), and Ni is the ion concentration (ions/m3). The analytical solution of Equation (A1) can be derived as
Equation (A2) can be rearranged as
,
where NT is the number concentration of total uncharged particles at the inlet (particles/m3), Np T, (NT Np,0) is the number concentration of total charged
particles (particles/m3), and p T,
T
N
N is the fraction of charged particles. Since the
can be defined as *
*0N ti (A4)
That is, the fraction of charged particles (i.e., intrinsic charging efficiency) in the unipolar charger depends on the charging parameter . *
Theoretical Intrinsic Charging Efficiency
The theoretical fraction of charged particles curves as a function of the Ni t product in the wire-in-tube ESP case are shown in Figure A1a. In general, the fraction of charged particles increases with the particle size and the Ni t product. For example, the theoretical fraction of charged particles was 14.9–100% for particles ranging from 1 to 20 nm in diameter at the Ni t product of 8.7 10 14 ions-sec/m3. Because of low charging probabilities, 1 nm particles are difficult to be charged even at high Ni t product, which is to be expected. However, when these five fraction of charged particles curves were re-plotted using the charging parameter as the abscissa, the curves of * different particle sizes collapse into one, as shown in Figure A1b. Therefore, the parameter that governs the fraction of charged particles in the unipolar charger is the product of combination coefficient, ion concentration, and charging time. When
* 4.76
, the fraction of charged particles is found to be nearly 100%. Results show that the charging parameter is better correlated to the curves of different particle * sizes calculated based on the Ni t product. The charging parameter can be used as a * critical parameter to characterize the performance of unipolar charger. For example, if the fraction of charged particles higher than 0.8 and 0.9 are used as the criteria for a high efficiency charging process, the optimum operating condition for the charger
should be * 1.63 and 2.45, respectively.
The relationship between the fraction of charged particles and charging parameter
in the charger with radial sheath air compared with the theoretical results of a *
wire-in-tube ESP case is shown in Figure A2. For design 1, the fraction of charged particles decreases with an increasing sheath air flow rate at a given aerosol flow rate.
This is because a larger sheath air flow rate leads to a shorter charging time of particles in the charging zone. In addition, the curves of the fraction of charged particles of design 1 give similar agreement with the theoretical results, while the faction of charged particles curve of design 2 starts to deviate from the theoretical curve when *2.
For design 2, a relatively large discrepancy with the theoretical results was found for 2 * 9. It indicates that the position of the sheath air opening has an influence on the fraction of charged particles in the charger with radial sheath air. When shifting the position of the sheath air opening toward the left of the leading edge of the wire, its effect on the fraction of charged particles is not negligible.
1E+012 1E+013 1E+014 1E+015 Nit-product (ions-sec/m3)
0
Figure A1 Fraction of charged particles in the wire-in-tube ESP. (a) Ni t product as the abscissa, (b) charging parameter * as the abscissa.
0 4 8 12 16 20 Charging parameter *
0 20 40 60 80 100
N
P,T/ N
T(% )
Theoretical results, wire-in-tube ESP case Qa = 0.5 L/min, Qsh = 0 L/min, design 1 Qa = 0.5 L/min, Qsh = 0.7 L/min, design 1 Qa = 0.5 L/min, Qsh = 0.7 L/min, design 2 Qa = 1 L/min, Qsh = 0 L/min, design 1 Qa = 1 L/min, Qsh = 0.7 L/min, design 1 Qa = 1 L/min, Qsh = 2.1 L/min, design 1
Figure A2 Fraction of charged particles as a function of charging parameter * in the charger with radial sheath air at the applied voltage of +2.9 kV.
REFERENCES
Adachi, M., Kousaka, Y., and Okuyama, K. (1985). Unipolar and Bipolar Diffusion Charging of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles. J. Aerosol. Sci. 16:109–123.
Adachi, M., Romay, F. J., and Pui, D. Y. H. (1992). High-efficiency Unipolar Aerosol Charger using a Radioactive Alpha Source. J. Aerosol. Sci. 23:123–137.
Aliat, A., Tsai, C. J., Hung, C. T., and Wu, J. S. (2008). Effect of Free Electrons on Nanoparticle Charging in a Negative Direct Current Corona Charger. Appl. Phys. Lett.
93:154103.
Aliat, A., Hung, C. T., Tsai, C. J., and Wu, J. S. (2009). Implementation of Fuchs’ Model of Ion Diffusion Charging of Nanoparticles Considering the Electron Contribution in DC-Corona Chargers in High Charge Densities. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42:125206.
Alonso, M., Martin, M. I., and Alguacil, F. J. (2006). The Measurement of Charging Efficiencies and Losses of Nanoparticles in a Corona Charger. J. Electrostat.
64:203–214.
Alonso, M., Alguacil, F. J., and Borra, J. P. (2009). A Numerical Study of the Influence of Ion-aerosol Mixing on Unipolar Charging in a Laminar Flow Tube. J. Aerosol. Sci.
40:693–706.
Asbach, C., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., and Fissan, H. (2004). Development of an Electrostatic Partitioner for Highly Efficient Partitioning of Gas and Particles with Minimal Effect on the Gas Phase. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 38:322–329.
Asbach, C., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., and Fissan, H. (2005). Effect of Corona Discharge on the Gas Composition of the Sample Flow in a Gas Particle Partitioner. J. Environ.
Monit. 7:877–882.
Biskos, G., Mastorakos, E., and Collings, N. (2004). Monte-Carlo Simulation of Unipolar Diffusion Charging for Spherical and Non-Spherical Particles. J. Aerosol.
Sci. 35:707–730.
Biskos, G., Reavell, K., and Collings, N. (2005a). Electrostatic Characterisation of Corona-Wire Aerosol Chargers. J. Electrostat. 63:69–82.
Biskos, G., Reavell, K., and Collings, N. (2005b). Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Particles in the Transition Regime. J. Aerosol. Sci. 36:247–265.
Boisdron, Y., and Brock, J. R. (1970). On the Stochastic Nature of the Acquisition of Electrical Charge and Radioactivity by Aerosol Particles. Atmos. Environ. 4:35–50.
Büscher, P., Schmidt-Ott, A., and Wiedensohler, A. (1994). Performance of a Unipolar
“Square Wave” Diffusion Charger with Variable nt-Product. J. Aerosol Sci.
25:651–663.
Chen, D. R., Pui, D. Y. H., Hummes, D., Fissan, H., Quant, F. R., and Sem, G. J. (1998).
Design and Evaluation of a Nanometer Aerosol Differential Mobility Analyzer (Nano-DMA). J. Aerosol Sci. 29: 497–509.
Chen, D. R., and Pui, D. Y. H. (1999). A High Efficiency, High Throughput Unipolar Aerosol Charger for Nanoparticles. J. Nanopart. Res. 1:115–126.
Cheng, S. H., Ranade, M. B., and Gentry. J. W. (1997). Experimental Design of High Volume Electrostatic Charger. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 26:433–446.
Davison, S. W., and Gentry, J. W. (1984). Modeling of Ion Mass Effects on the Diffusion Charging Process. J. Aerosol. Sci. 15:262–270.
Flagan, R. C. (1998). History of Electrical Aerosol Measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol.
28:301–380.
Fuchs, N. A. (1963). On the Stationary Charge Distribution on Aerosol Particles in a Bipolar Ionic Atmosphere. Geophys. Pura. Appl. 56:185–193.
Hernandez-Sierra, A., Alguacil, F. J., and Alonso, M. (2003). Unipolar Charging of Nanometer Aerosol Particles in a Corona Ionizer. J. Aerosol. Sci. 34:733–745.
Hewitt, G. W. (1957). The Charging of Small Particles for Electrostatic Precipation.
AIEE Trans. 76:300–306.
Hobbs, P. C. D., Gross, V. P., and Murray, K. K. (1990). Suppression of Particle Generation in a Modified Clean Room Corona Ionizer. J. Aerosol. Sci. 21:463–465.
Hoppel, W. A., and Frick, G. M. (1986).Ion-Aerosol Attachment Coefficients and the Steady-State Charge-Distribution on Aerosols in a bipolar Ion Environment. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 5:1–21.
Hinds, W. C. (1999). Aerosol Technology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Huang, C. H., and Alonso, M. (2011). Nanoparticle Electrostatic Loss within Corona Needle Charger during Particle-Charging Process. J. Nanopart. Res. 13:175–184.
Intra, P., and Tippayawong, N. (2009). Progress in Unipolar Corona Discharger Designs for Airborne Particle Charging: A Literature Review. J. Electrostat. 67:605–615.
Intra, P., and Tippayawong, N. (2011). An Overview of Unipolar Charger Developments for Nanoparticle Charging. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 11:187–209.
ISO/TS 27687 (2008). Nanotechnologies -- Terminology and Definitions for Nano-objects -- Nanoparticle, Nanofibre and Nanoplate.
ISO/TS 80004-1 (2010). Nanotechnologies -- Vocabulary -- Part 1: Core Terms.
ISO/TS 80004-3 (2010). Nanotechnologies -- Vocabulary -- Part 3: Carbon Nano-objects.
Jung, H., and Kittelson, D. B. (2005). Characterization of Aerosol Surface Instruments in Transition Regime. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 39:902–911.
Kaptzov, N. A. (1947). Elektricheskiye Yavleniya v Gazakh i Vacuume. OGIZ, Moscow.
Kimoto, S., Saiki, K., Kanamaru, M., and Adachi, M. (2010).A Small Mixing-Type Unipolar Charger (SMUC) for Nanoparticles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 44:872–880.
Kruis, F. E., and Fissan, H. (2001). Nanoparticle Charging in a Twin Hewitt Charger. J.
Nanopart. Res. 3:39–50.
Kulkarni, P., Baron, P. A., and Willeke, K. (2011). Aerosol Measurement. John Wiley &
Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
Li, L., and Chen, D. R. (2011). Performance Study of a DC-Corona-Based Particle Charger for Charge Conditioning. J. Aerosol. Sci. 42:87–99.
Lin, G. Y., and Tsai, C. J. (2010). Numerical Modeling of Nanoparticle Collection Efficiency of Single-Stage Wire-in-Plate Electrostatic Precipitators. Aerosol Sci.
Technol. 44:1122–1130.
Liu, B. Y. H. and Pui, D. Y. H. (1975). On the Performance of the Electrical Aerosol Analyzer. J. Aerosol Sci. 6:249–264.
Liu, B. Y. H., Pui, D. Y. H., Kinstley, W. O., and Fisher, W. G. (1987). Aerosol Charging and Neutralization and Electrostatic Discharge in Clean Rooms. J. Environ. Sci.
30:42–46.
Marlow, W. H., and Brock, J. R. (1975). Unipolar Charging of Small Aerosol Particles.
J. Coll. Interface Sci. 50:32–38.
Marquard, A., Kasper, M., Meyer, J., and Kasper, G. (2005). Nanoparticle Charging Efficiencies and Related Charging Conditions in a Wire-Tube ESP at DC
Energization. J. Electrostat. 63:693–698.
Marquard, A., Meyer, J., and Kasper, G. (2006a). Characterization of Unipolar Electrical Aerosol Chargers–Part II Application of Comparison Criteria to Various Types of Nanoaerosol Charging Devices. J. Aerosol Sci. 37:1069–1080.
Marquard, A., Meyer, J., and Kasper, G. (2006b). Characterization of Unipolar Electrical Aerosol Chargers–Part I A Review of Charger Performance Criteria. J. Aerosol Sci.
37:1052–1068.
Marquard, A. (2007). Unipolar Field and Diffusion Charging in the Transition Regime–Part I: A 2-D Limiting-Sphere Model. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 41:597–610.
Marquard, A., Meyer, J., and Kasper, G. (2007). Unipolar Field and Diffusion Charging in the Transition Regime–Part II: Charging Experiments. Aerosol Sci. Technol.
41:611–623.
Medved, A., Dorman, F., Kaufman, S. L., and Pocher, A. (2000). A New Corona-Based Charger for Aerosol Particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 31:S616–S617.
Murray, K. K., Ainsworth, G. F., and Gross, V. P. (1988). Hood Ionization in Semiconductor wafer processing: an evaluation. EOS/ESD Symposium Proceedings.
195–200.
Ntziachristos, N., Giechaskiel, B., Ristimäki, J., and Keskinen, J. (2004). Use of a Corona Charger for the Characterisation of Automotive Exhaust Aerosol. J. Aerosol Sci. 35:943–963.
Park, D., An, M., Hwang, J. (2007). Development and Performance Test of a Unipolar Diffusion Charger for Real-time Measurements of Submicron Aerosol Particles Having a Log-normal Size Distribution. J. Aerosol Sci. 38:420–430.
Patankar, S. V. (1980). Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Hemisphere, Washington, D. C.
Peek, F. W. (1929). Dielectric Phenomena in High-Voltage Engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Pui, D. Y. H., Fruin, S., and McMurry, P. H. (1988). Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Ultrafine Aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 8:173–187.
Qi, C., Chen, D. R., and Pui, D. Y. H. (2007). Experimental Study of a New Corona-Based Unipolar Aerosol Charger. J. Aerosol Sci. 38:775–792.
Qi, C., Chen, D. R., and Greenberg, P. (2008). Performance Study of a Unipolar Aerosol Mini-Charger for a Personal Nanoparticle Sizer. J. Aerosol Sci. 39:450–459.
Qi, C., Asbach, C., Shin, W. G., Fissan, H., and Pui, D. Y. H. (2009). The Effect of Particle Pre-Existing Charge on Unipolar Charging and Its Implication on Electrical Aerosol Measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 43:232–240.
Rohmann, H. (1923). Methode sur Messung der Grösse von Schwebeteilchen. Z. Phys.
17:253–265.
Romay, F. J., Pui, D. Y. H., and Adachi, M. (1991). Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Particles at Low Pressure. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 15:60–58.
Romay, F. J., and Pui, D. Y. H. (1992a). On the Combination Coefficient of Positive Ions with Ultrafine Neutral Particles in the Transition and Free-Molecule Regimes.
Aerosol Sci. Technol. 17:134–147.
Romay, F. J., and Pui, D. Y. H. (1992b). Free Electron Charging of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 23:679–692.
Scheibel, H. G., and Porstendörfer, J. (1983). Generation of Monodisperse Ag- and
NaCl-Aerosol with Particle Diameters between 2 and 300 nm. J. Aerosol Sci.
14:113–126.
Tsai, C. J., Chen, S. C., Chen, H. L., Chein, H. M.,Wu, C. H., and Chen, T. M. (2008).
Study of a Nanoparticle Charger Containing Multiple Discharging Wires in a Tube.
Sep. Sci. Technol. 43:3476–3493.
Tsai, C. J., Lin, G. Y., Chen, H. L., Hunag, C. H., and Alonso, M. (2010). Enhancement of Extrinsic Charging Efficiency of a Nanoparticle Charger with Multiple Discharging Wires. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 44:807–816.
TSI Incorporated. (2006). Operation and Service Manual, Series 3080 Electrostatic Classifiers, Shoreview, MN, USA.
Unger, L., Boulaud, D., and Borra., J. P. (2004). Unipolar Field Charging of Particles by Electric Discharge: Effect of Particle Shape. J. Aerosol Sci. 35:965–979.
Vivas, M. M., Hontañón, E., Schmidt-Ott, A. (2008). Reducing Multiple Charging of Submicron Aerosols in a Corona Diffusion Charger. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 42:97–109.
Wang, S. C., and Flagan, R. C. (1990). Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer.
Aerosol Sci. Technol. 13:230–240.
Whitby, K. T. (1961). Generator for Producing High Concentrations of Small Ions. Rev.
Sci. Instrum. 32:1351–1355.
Wiedensohler, A. (1988). An Approximation of the Bipolar Charge Distribution for Particles in the Submicron Size Range. J. Aerosol Sci. 19: 387–389.
Wiedensohler, A., Buscher, P., Hasson, H. C., Martinsson, B. G., Stratmann, F., Ferron, G., and Busch, B. (1994). A Novel Unipolar Charger for Ultrafine Aerosol Particles with Minimal Particle Losses. J. Aerosol Sci. 25: 639–649.
Curriculum Vitae
CHIH – LIANG CHIEN (簡誌良)
Institute of Environmental Engineering Phone: +886-3-5712121 ext 55524 National Chiao Tung University Email: [email protected] No. 1001, University Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
Date of Birth / Nationality: May 26, 1978 / R.O.C.
Education
Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University June 2012.
M.S. in Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University June 2006.
B.S. in Atmospheric Science, National Taiwan University June 2000.
Positions
Adjunct Instructor, Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University, Aug. 2011–Jan. 2012.
Awards and Honors
Excellent Paper Award (First Prize), Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering, 2010.
The Most Popular Poster Award, TAAR, 2010.
Research Scholarship, Sinotech Foundation for Research and Development of Engineering Sciences and Technologies, 2009–2010.
Best Paper Award, TAAR, 2008.
Summer Institute Program Scholarship, NSC / DAAD, 2008.
Professional Service
Reviewer of Journal: Aerosol and Air Quality Research Aerosol Science and Technology
Publication Refereed Journals
1. Chien, C. L., Tsai, C. J. (2012). Improvement of the Nanoparticle Charging Efficiency of a Single-wire Corona Unipolar Charger by Using Radial Sheath Air Flow: Numerical
Curriculum Vitae Study, Aerosol Science and Technology. (in preparation)
2. Chien, C. L., Tsai, C. J., Chen, H. L., Lin, G. Y., Wu, J. S. (2011). Modeling and Validation of Nanoparticle Charging Efficiency of a Single-Wire Corona Unipolar Charger, Aerosol Science and Technology, 45, 1468–1479. (SCI)
3. Liu, C. N., Chien, C. L., Lo, C. C., Lin, G.. Y., Chen, S. C., Tsai, C. J. (2011). Drag Coefficient of a Spherical Particle Attached on the Flat Surface, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 11, 482–486. (SCI)
4. Chien, C. L., Huang, S. H., Tsai, C. J. (2009). A New Cross-flow Tube Bundle Heat Exchanger with Staggered Hot and Cold Tubes for Thermophoretic Deposition of Submicron Aerosol Particles, Aerosol Science and Technology, 43, 1153–1163. (SCI) 5. Chien, C. L., Tsai, C. J., Ku, K. W., Li, S. N. (2007). Ventilation Control of Air Pollutant
during Preventive Maintenance of a Metal Etcher in Clean Room of Semiconductor Industry, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 7, 469–488.
6. Tsai, C. J., Chang C. T., Liu, T. W., Huang, C. C., Chien, C. L., Chien, H. M. (2004).
Emission Characteristics and Control Efficiency of Acidic and Basic Gases and Aerosols from Packed Towers, Atmospheric Environment, 38, 643–646. (SCI)
Conference Papers
1. Tsai, C. J., Chien, C. L., Chen, H. L., Lin, G. Y., Wu, J. S. (2011). Numerical Modeling of Nanoparticle Charging Efficiency of Corona-Wire Unipolar Aerosol Charger, Proceeding, 7th AAC conference, page 561, Xian, China, Aug. 17–20, 2011.
2. Chien, C. L., Chen, H. L., Lin, G. Y., Tsai, C. J. (2010). Experimental and Numerical Study of a Nanoparticle Charger by Using Sheath Air Flow, Proceeding, 17th International Conference on Aerosol Science and Technology, Abstract no. p60, Taipei, Taiwan, Sep.
24–25, 2010.
3. Lin, G. Y., Chien, C. L., Tsai, C. J. (2010). Numerical Modeling of Nanoparticle Collection Efficiency of Single-Stage Wire-in-Plate Electrostatic Precipitator, Proceeding, 17th International Conference on Aerosol Science and Technology, Abstract no. p50, Taipei, Taiwan, Sep. 24–25, 2010.
4. Tsai, C. J., Chien, C. L., Chen, H. L., Lin, G. Y. (2010). Experimental and Numerical Study of a Nanoparticle Charger by Using Sheath Air Flow, International Aerosol Conference 2010, Abstract no. 7D4, Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 29–Sep. 3, 2010.
5. Lin, G. Y., Chien, C. L., Tsai, C. J. (2010). A Mathematical Model for Predicting the Nanosized Particle Collection Efficiency in a Single-Stage Wire-in-Plate Wet Electrostatic Precipitator, International Aerosol Conference 2010, Abstract no. 4F5, Helsinki, Finland,
Curriculum Vitae Aug. 29–Sep. 3, 2010.
6. Chien, C. L., Tsai, C. J., Chen, H. L., Chen, S. C., Lin, G. Y. (2009). Enhancement of Charging Efficiency of a Nanoparticle Charger by Using Sheath Air Flow, AAAR 28th Annual Conference, Abstract no. 1190, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Oct. 26–30, 2009.
7. Liu, C. N., Chien, C. L., Lo, C. C., Tsai, C. J. (2009). Drag Coefficient of a Sphere on the Flat Surface, AAAR 28th Annual Conference, Abstract no. 876, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Oct. 26–30, 2009.
8. Liu, C. N., Chien, C. L., Lo, C. C., Lin, G. Y., Chen, S. C., Tsai, C. J. (2009). Drag Coefficient of a Sphere Attached on the Flat Surface, Proceeding, 16th International Conference on Aerosol Science and Technology, page 84, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, Sep. 25–26, 2009.
9. Chou, Y. L., Ho, C. E., Tsai, C. J., Chen, C. W., Chang, C. P., Shih, T. S., Chien, C. L.
(2009). Characteristics of Particles Emitted from Nanopowders Dispersed Using Different Methods, Proceeding, 4th International Conference on Nanotechnology-Occupational and Environmental Health, page 61, Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 26–29, 2009.
10. Huang, S. H., Chien, C. L., Tsai, C. J. (2008). A Miniature Tube Bundle Heat Exchanger of Constant Temperature Gradient for Thermophoretic Deposition of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles, Proceeding, 15th International Conference on Aerosol Science and Technology, page 1, Jinwen University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Sep. 26–27, 2008.
11. Tsai, C. J., Lo, C. C., Chien, C. L. (2008). Formation of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Combustion of Ti Metal Droplet, Proceeding, 15th International Conference on Aerosol Science and Technology, page 60, Jinwen University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Sep. 26–27, 2008.
12. Huang, S. H., Chien, C. L., Tsai, C. J., Lo, C. C., Chen, S. C., Wu, C. H. (2008).
Experimental and Numerical Study of Thermophoretic Deposition of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles in a Miniature Tube Bundle Heat Exchanger, 2008 EAC conference, Abstract no.
T08A007O, Thessaloniki, Greece, Aug. 24–29, 2008.
13. Chien, C. L., Tsai, C. J., Ku, K. W., Li, S. N. (2007). Ventilation Control of Pollutant Dispersion during Preventive Maintenance of a Metal Etcher in Semiconductor Industry, 5th AAC conference, Proceeding Vol. 1, page 76–77, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Aug. 26–29, 2007.
14. Tsai, C. J., Chien, C. L. (2006). Control of Fugitive Gas Emission during the Preventive Maintenance of an Etcher of Semiconductor Industry, Proceeding, 13th International
Curriculum Vitae University, Tainan, Taiwan, Sep. 29–30, 2006.
Patents
1. Tsai, C. J., Huang, S. H., Chien, C. L. (2011). Tube Bundle Heat Exchanger of Constant Temperature Gradient for Thermophoretic Deposition of Aerosol Particles, Taiwan patent I342946B1, US patent 7,934,542 B2.