Control overhead comparison

The comparison of control overhead for the two routing algorithms is shown in Figure 28.

Control overhead is defined as the ratio of control bytes generated by all nodes in the network to the data bytes received by the destination. As shown in Figure 28, the control overhead of RMRV is 45.8% lower than that of RBVT-R, on average. In the initial route discovery, both RMRV and RBVT-R generate a similar number of RREQ packets because they both flood the RREQ packet to the whole network. The difference between them is that RMRV has to send multiple RREP packets of the discovered multiple paths from destination to source, and RBVT-R sends only one RREP packet. However, the RREP packets are propagated by unicast;

thus the incurred traffic is very small. Remind that when a path failure occurs, RBVT-R has to proceeds route discovery immediately. Route discovery floods RREQ packets to the whole network, producing large control traffic. In contrast, RMRV can use another available path instead. Therefore, the route re-discovery in RMRV is less frequent and it results in less control overhead.

The control overhead of using different number of multiple paths for RMRV is also shown in Figure 28. With more paths available to switch to, route re-discovery is less frequent and thus it results in less control overhead. When the number of nodes increases to 250 nodes,

as shown in Figure 28(b), control overhead is further decreases. This is because the need for route re-discovery is much reduced under high node density due to high network connectivity.

(a) 150 nodes case

(a) 150 nodes case

(b) 250 nodes case

Figure 27. Comparison of average end-to-end delay. (a) 150 nodes case, and (b) 250 nodes case.

(a) 150 nodes case

(b) 250 nodes case

Figure 28. Comparison of control overhead. (a) 150 nodes case, and (b) 250 nodes case.

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Number of concurrent CBR flows

Control overhead RBVT-R [48]

RMRV (2 paths) RMRV (3 paths) RMRV (4 paths) RMRV (5 paths) 0

1 2 3 4

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Number of concurrent CBR flows

Control overhead RBVT-R [48]

RMRV (2 paths) RMRV (3 paths) RMRV (4 paths) RMRV (5 paths)

Chapter 5

Conclusion and future work

We have explored the feasibility of live multimedia streaming by overlay multicast in urban VANETs. To adapt to high mobility and full of obstacles in urban VANETs, we have presented an effective dynamic overlay multicast in VANETs (OMV). The proposed OMV is QoS-satisfied considering both packet loss rate and end-to-end delay. We have also simulated obstacles in urban VANETs so as to reflect real world scenarios. We have evaluated the proposed OMV in urban VANETs with obstacles using two real video clips to demonstrate the feasibility of the OMV for real videos. Evaluation results show that comparing the proposed OMV to Qadri et al.’s work, the packet loss rate is reduced by 27.1% and the end-to-end delay is decreased by 11.7%, with a small control overhead of 2.1%, on average. Comparing the proposed OMV for tree overlays to ALMA, the packet loss rate is reduced by 7.1% and the end-to-end delay is decreased by 13.1%. Due to high impact of obstacles on performance in urban VANETs, we have also investigated feasible stream rates under different overlay sizes and road section sizes. The future work includes extending a multicast overlay that allows multiple overlay nodes concurrently being source nodes and receiving nodes (e.g., for live video conferencing), enhancing the performance of a multicast overlay that integrates with the underlying routing protocol, and investigating the feasibility of allowing more than two parents for a child to have high QoS.

We have also presented a road-based QoS-aware multipath routing protocol for urban VANETs (RMRV). The proposed RMRV can find multiple paths and estimate the paths’

future life periods for QoS path switching. A novel space-time planar graph approach has been proposed to predict the connectivity of each road section in a path, and thus a path’s future life periods can be derived. Simulation results have shown that the proposed RMRV has significant improvement on the packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and control overhead, over a representative road-based single path routing protocol, RBVT-R. To the best of our knowledge, there is no existing road-based multipath routing protocol for VANETs.

The proposed RMRV is very suited to urban VANETs with high mobility and dense obstacles.

The future work includes (1) porting the RS life periods prediction mechanism to the cloud so as to avoid redundant RSs life periods calculation due to duplicate RSs among different pairs of source and destination, (2) in the space-time planar graph, instead of assuming that every vehicle keeps moving in a constant speed, considering the vehicle’s behaviors of acceleration and braking, (3) dynamically adjusting the interval of route updates according to node density, (4) cross-layer design with additional information from lower layers such as the bit error rate, and (5) using multiple paths concurrently to speed up data transmission.

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Publication list

Journal papers

1. Yi-Ling Hsieh, Kuochen Wang, “Dynamic Overlay Multicast for Live Multimedia Streaming in Urban VANETs,” Computer Networks, vol. 56, issue 16, Nov. 2012, pp.

3609-3628, Place: USA. (SCI)

2. Shen-Hai Shee, Tzu-Chien Chang, Kuochen Wang, Yi-Ling Hsieh, “Efficient Color-theory-based Dynamic Localization for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks,”

Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 59, no. 2, Feb. 2010, pp. 375-396, Place:

SpringerLink. (SCI Expanded, EI)

3. Tai-Jung Chang, Kuochen Wang, Yi-Ling Hsieh, “A Color-theory-based Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks,” Computer Networks, vol. 52, no. 3, Feb. 2008, pp. 531-541, Place: USA. (SCI)

Conference papers

1. Yi-Ling Hsieh, Kuochen Wang, “A Road-based QoS-aware Multipath Routing for Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” in Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM (GLOBECOM 2012), Dec. 2012, Place: USA.

2. Min-Hsuan We, Kuochen Wang, Yi-Ling Hsieh, “A Reliable Routing Scheme Based on Vehicle Moving Similarity for VANETs,” in Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), Nov. 2011, Place: Indonesia.

3. Hsuan-Fu Ho, Kuochen Wang, Yi-Ling Hsieh, “Resilient Video Streaming for Urban VANETs,” in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks (WASN), Sep. 2011, Place: Taiwan.

4. Yi-Ling Hsieh, Kuochen Wang, ”Road Layout Adaptive Overlay Multicast for Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” in Proceedings of the 73rd IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), May 2011, Place: Hungary.

5. Chia-Yi Liu, Kuochen Wang, Yi-Ling Hsieh, “Efficient Push-Pull Based P2P Multi-streaming Using Application Level Multicast,” in Proceedings of the 21th IEEE

International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Sep. 2010, Place: Turkey.

6. Bo-Wei Li, Kuochen Wang, Yi-Ling Hsieh, “A Hierarchical Social Network-based P2P SIP System for Mobile Environments,” in Proceedings of the 21th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Sep. 2010, Place: Turkey.

7. Wei-Cheng He, Kuochen Wang, Yi-Ling Hsieh, “Dependable Peer to Peer Multi-Streaming Using DHT-based Application Level Multicast,” in Proceedings of the 9th IASTED International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications (WOC), July 2009, Place: Canada.

8. Tzu-Chien Chang, Kuochen Wang, Yi-Ling Hsieh, “Enhanced Color-theory-based Dynamic Localization in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp. 3064-3069, March 2007, Place: China.

9. Hsing-Yu Lu, Kuochen Wang, Yi-Ling Hsieh, “Power-Efficient MAC Protocol for VoIP Traffic over IEEE 802.11e WLAN,” in Proceedings of the International Computer Symposium: Workshop on Computer Networks, Dec. 2006, Place: Taiwan.

10. Tai-Jung Chang, Kuochen Wang, Yi-Ling Hsieh, “A Color-theory-based Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of Workshop on Wireless, Ad Hoc, Sensor Networks (WASN), Aug. 2006, Place: Taiwan.

11. Yi-Ling Hsieh, Kuochen Wang, “Efficient Localization in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing (SUTC 2006), June 2006, Place:

Taiwan.

12. Shen-Hai Shee, Kuochen Wang, Yi-Ling Hsieh, “Color-theory-based Dynamic Localization in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Proceedings of Workshop on Wireless, Ad Hoc, Sensor Networks (WASN), Aug. 2005, Place: Taiwan. (Received the Best Paper Award)