In the traditional agricultural society, agriculture's economic and agricultural social structure is social bases of subject's culture, the peasant is a main holder
of subject's culture . In Taiwan, with the agricultural production modernization , marketization, Taiwanese peasants' political cultural orientation has already begun to make the transition from traditional subject's culture to participant's political culture. While with the agricultural production modernization of Taiwan, Taiwanese society develops into a modern industrialized city society from an agricultural society taking agricultural economy as leading factor progressively , make traditional subject political culture social base stored in to depend on disintegrate too.
First, train industry with agriculture
The fifties, the implementation of land reform of Taiwan, make peasants' production engaged in producing more actively, add the application and popularization of the modern agricultural production technology in addition , make the agriculture of Taiwan resumed and developed rapidly, enter golden age of agricultural development of Taiwan. " train industry with agriculture "
under the guidance of policy in government, development , Taiwan of agriculture give to is it set good terms to take off industry. On one hand, agriculture has offered a large number of fund, the export foreign currency of agricultural products and processed goods for industrial development , it is a main capital source of the purchase mechanical equipment of initial stage of industrialization of Taiwan; In addition, under the direction of the government, the landlord turns transfering the fund of the land income in land reform into industry's capital. On the other hand, the development of agriculture has not merely taken off and prepared to a large amount of cheap labour for industry, grew up and fostered a favorable domestic market in initial stage for the industry of Taiwan too at the same time .
' the shortage because of the domestic foreign currency, unable to import the people's livelihood consumer goods in a large amount, in order to meet demands of life and production from home, on the fifties begin energetical with little investment development , technical equipment simple , products import industry of substituting government for labor-intensive that domestic market need, textile , chemical fertilizer , glass , food ,etc. are not that the entrance of the durable consumer goods substitutes industry at first. Arrive will it be later stage the fifties, in import of the durable consumer goods is it make effect already to substitute, after meeting demands of domestic market tentatively , begin to develop import substitution of the durable consumer goods at home, for instance household appliances , machine ,etc.. Because domestic market is narrow and small , the development that internally-oriented import substitutes industry is limited quickly, since the sixties, our country has entered the developing period of export-oriented industry specializing in exporting and leading. The agricultural production net amount in Taiwan was new Taiwan dollar of 5,233 million yuan in 1952, the proportion which accounts for the production net amount inside the island is up to 35.9%, and the net amount of industrial production of those years is only 2,622 million yuan, proportion is 18.0%, only and agricultural half, but since 1954, the proportion of agricultural production is presented and dropped year by year, but industry's proportion presents the trend of rising year by year. By 1963, agricultural production net amount 18,783 million, produce proportion of net amount lower to 26.7% at home, and the net amount of industrial production is 19,780 million yuan, proportion increases to 28.2%. It is that Taiwan changes from rely mainly on agriculture into the turning point taking industry as economic form of the main fact this year. ' (Li GuoDing, old wood are here, 1987:39)
Under exporting the drive which leads the industrial development strategy, the economy of Taiwan has realized taking off, the change of the quality has taken place in the agricultural structure of Taiwan, the value of industrial output exceeds agriculture, Taiwan began to enter industrialized era from then on. The end by 60, in the industrial high speed, but the agriculture of Taiwan sinks into declining and crisis progressively , Taiwanese industry becomes the leading factor in economy progressively . ' by 1980, Taiwan industrial production in order to reach 509,324 million , produce net amount proportion of net amount 45.3% at home, the net amount of agricultural production is 104,697 million yuan, proportion is 9.3% . ' (Li GuoDing, old wood are here, 1987:41)
As regards export proportion of the products of industry and agriculture of Taiwan, ' 1953, agricultural products in Taiwan and farm production processed goods accounted for 91.6% of the total export , and it is 8.4% that the industrial products exports proportion; The proportion that agricultural products in Taiwan and farm production processed goods export is only 9.2% by 1980, it is last 90.8% industrial products export ,' (ShiCheng Chen,1991: 160). In the income structure of peasant family of Taiwan, peasants' agricultural income presented the downward trend too, ' the rate that agriculture must account for the income of peasant family was 65.59% in 1966, lowering to 36.42% by 1986, agriculture has not already been the main source of the income of peasant family. ' (Wu TianQuan, 1993: 374)it correspond with it it is Taiwan it is of the peasant it is professional for decline of peasant household with and concurrently quantity , peasant household of family property , rise by a wide margin, ' the rate that professional peasant households of Taiwan account for general peasant households is lowered to 9.0% of 1980 by 47.6% of 1960, and concurrently peasant household surge and increase to 91.0% by 52.4% the family property.
Statistics on 1988,Taiwan " have the professional the whole province peasant family add up to 75839 " '. (whether ZhengHong Liao ,etc., 1992:151), for account for Taiwan most peasant and concurrently family property agriculture and speech, the necessary means that the management of the own farm does not support the family, is a chance of a kind of increase income, agriculture becomes sideline production not essential. These figures show , by the end of the seventies, at the beginning of the eighties, the economic structure of Taiwan has been already totally from occupied the agricultural economy of the leading position to change into the modern industrial economy taking industry as subject with agriculture, no matter or to most Taiwanese peasants to the economy of Taiwan, status and importance of agriculture drop greatly already, already the marginalisation agriculture of Taiwan. From then on, Taiwan succeeds in entering the ranks of the world newly industrializing country, becomes the new developing industrialized society.
Two , social industrialization and urbanization of Taiwan In the course of economic industrialization of Taiwan , agriculture's economic marginalisation, the social structure of Taiwan changes fundamentally too, namely a modern industrialized city society from an agricultural society transition. The course of industrialization of Taiwan is that large quantities of Taiwanese peasants left the countryside and entered the city and worked too, decline of the countryside and course of the urbanization great development.
Under the industrialized impact, the traditional agricultural social structure of Taiwan disintegrates gradually, to accelerate urbanization, after entering the eighties, whole social structure of Taiwan make the transition with will as industrialized city society of subject as one already. All the forming of the society
is carried on in step in disintegrating in agricultural social structure of Taiwan and industrialization, it is a this that subdues his long course.
Before 1960, Taiwan was still a typical agricultural society, economic structure mainlies product agricultural economy of agricultural products , agriculture and forestry fishery is the obtaining employment in the field mainly of Taiwan, the agricultural workforce accounts for over half of the whole province workforce. Since later stage of the fifties, under the circumstances that the government imports fostering and guide substituting and exporting and leading the policy, Taiwan sets up large quantities of labour-intensive industrial enterprises, has created a large number of employment opportunities. Because government's policy of adopting " training industry with agriculture " , forcing down the price of agricultural products , though the agriculture of Taiwan developed quickly in the fifties and the sisties, the growth of peasant's income was very slow . Bigger and bigger disparity in urban and rural areas, the yearning city works and lives, impel the young youth receiving more education in the countryside to well up and obtain employment to the city in a large amount. Whether according to Wu field spring (1993. 374)Statistics:
In 1951, the rate that the population of peasant family of Taiwan accounted for total population was 52.87%, agricultural employed population accounted for 65.69% of total employed population, by 1986, the rate that the population of peasant family accounts for total population is lowered to 22.06%, the agricultural rate of taking total employed population of employed population drops to 17.03%, by 1988, agricultural employed population only accounts for 8.8% of all employed population.
The agricultural population reduces and becomes a few colonies in the society from the social subject of the fifties gradually. Because a large number of rural workforces between twenty and fifty went down town to obtain employment , it was the decrepit women and children mostly that stayed behind to take care of things in the countryside, make engaged in agricultural production workforce not only quantity reduces , but also quality is dropping, the most obvious one is the aging of rural laborer. The statistics show, ' from 1966 to 1976, the agricultural population over 30 accounts for the rate of agriculture's total population from 50% 70% improveds, it is 34 years old on average to engage in farming in population's age 1965 , rises to 39 years old by 1977, engaged in farminging , population's aging trend was obvious. In addition, because the city attracts the workforce of higher education degree to obtain employment , make it slow in the improvement looks party of rural laborer's education degree. ' (Qin XiaoYi, 1985:
761-762)since the eighties, the trend on the decline of reducing , aging etc. that the countryside of Taiwan has demonstrated irresistible population day by day.
In rural depopulation, because industrialized push and large quantities of people in the countryside gather to the cities and towns, Taiwan enters developing stage of high-speed urbanization. ' cities and towns with more than 50,000 people if by living are as defining the demarcation line of the city , then, Taiwan knew 24% that population only accounted for the whole Taiwan population in 1950, increased to 40% in 1961 and increased to 60.7% in 1976, it was 67% in 1981, up to 75% of the people and live in the city area in 1991. ' (Sun QingShan,1997: 89),' the calculation according to the economic construction committee of executive organ, the city population of Taiwan was up to 16,458,000 people in 1994, accounts for 78% of all people. ' (Xie GaoQiao, Zhang QingFus, Feng Yan,1995: 262)Taiwan has already grown into the modern
industrial and commercial society of a height urbanization after thirty or forty years of development.
Under economic development and impact that urbanizes, the enormous change is taking place in the countryside of Taiwan. Except that population moves, the road traffic , school in the countryside of Taiwan educate,etc. the infrastructure is keeping up with the city too. Because the facility of the traffic has offered more opportunities that connect and solve in the countryside and external world, the urban study , employment , trade that large quantities of people in the countryside reach, come and go between town and country, propagating the life style and values of the city and countryside. Especially after mass media is popularized , the newspaper , radio, especially the influence on the life in the countryside of the TV is revolutionary, the urbanization trend in the countryside of Taiwan is more and more obvious, the values of the rural society and interpersonal relationships are more and more convergent with the city society.
Join , the traditional agricultural society disintegrates gradually
' the most important factor that culture forms is natural environment and its life style used that the people are in. It is social in each for the people one for life style , historical relic system , values ,etc. make a living by direct or result not indirect of way by their mostly '. (Qin XiaoYi, 1985: 769)in the development of the latter half of the 20th century, Taiwan succeeded in making the transition from a traditional agricultural society as a modern society of industrial and commercial city . The enormous transitions of this kind of living environment and life style change foundation and environment of the culture of society and politics of
Taiwan fundamentally. ' agriculture is the sending of traditional China's social cultural lifeblood , the countryside is traditional China's values and preserver of the outlook on life ', ( 黄 The person of no common ability, 1988, 13) the agricultural society is the of the foundation of China's traditional subject's culture from ancient times, and decline with agricultural society and the modern industrialized social forming of city , the social base of the existence that the traditional subject's culture in Taiwan depends on has been disintegrated basically too.
In a word, under the modernization, impact that commercializes and urbanizing, the rural society of Taiwan has already no longer been traditional rural society, Taiwanese peasants' modes of production have all changed fundamentally, the enormous change have all taken place in Taiwanese peasants' values and political orientation, contemporary Taiwanese peasants are no longer traditional subjects, but sure the political modern citizen who participates in the orientation.
The industrialized impact makes the economy and importance of the society of the agriculture of Taiwan drop definitely, the reduction and Taiwanese height urbanization by a wide margin of the people in the countryside represent the decline and marginalisation of the traditional agricultural society of Taiwan. All these show , the social base of the traditional subject's political culture in Taiwan- traditional agricultural society- already disintegrate under the industrialized impact. The society of Taiwan urbanizes the striding forward of the society to modern industrialization, indicate taking shape tentatively in Taiwan of social base that modern participant's political culture can be produced , developed