A series of social sports have risen in the society of Taiwan since latter stage of the seventies, for instance student movement , labour movement , peasant's movement , consumer's rights and interests sports , environmental protection sport ,etc.. This line of social sports produced and developed transition that has not merely accelerated the society of Taiwan, and influence right consciousness and sense of participation of making the Taiwanese people of moving in numerous societies improve correspondingly , training and cultivation participating in the behavior in these politics for the Taiwanese people of movement have positive meanings.
First, get up in the source of social sports
As the economic one since the sixties grows up fast, from middle and later periods of the seventies, Taiwan begins to enter industrialization and social stage of urbanization. This is a social attitude completely different from production life style of agricultural era, the thorough change has already taken place in the social base of the traditional subject's culture formed under the life style of agricultural production. ' in traditional agricultural era, social productivity level relatively low, cause people necessary for life quantity relatively deficient enough, it is foundations that societies, political authoritative structure can be set up that this kind is relatively insufficient and deficient. ' (Yang GuoShu, 1984:41-42)the productivity level is low and the life range is confined to the countryside, make the people of the agricultural society form the social relationships taking blood relationship and geo- relation as tie , become the authoritative structure social relationships foundation. The industrialization and arrival of times of urbanization, at first, improved the level of production of material by a large margin with advanced productivity, make the material which people often face in agricultural era become history deficiently, having even presented the question of the surplus of the physical product, the guarantee of the material life has reduced people to authoritative reliance, have weakened the material base that the traditional authority exists; Secondly, population has broken the geo- relation constraint and restriction to people of blood relationship extensivly to the country fair of the city, the control of the authoritative system in the basic unit is weakened, individual supports
oneself the orientation is strengthened. Third, in the industrial society, labor division is complicated, the specialization degree is high, there is industry, there are commerce , politics , culture , science , education ,etc., industry, service trade are the obtaining employment in the field mainly of people, compare with people in agricultural era, people's production life style of industrialized era has already changed fundamentally. People's production life style decides people's political cultural orientation way, under such new social condition, people's concept and behavior incline to change naturally . Smoking it under the pottery in modern production life style, on the basis of surviving and needing to get satisfying basically, the improvement of increasing in wealth , knowledge and social status, make people begin to improve by a large margin the quality of the life of material and request for the spiritual quality of the life, people are no longer traditional political subjects whose system makes destiny, guarded , took the bitter with the sweet to the authority of authority, and begin to grow into the citizen with certain right consciousness , democratic consciousness. So, the general improvement of right consciousness makes the social people of different stratum and group in Taiwan no longer satisfied with already existing identity and status, but demand to improve one's own social political position and various kinds of rights and benefits of theirs.
Huang JunJie (1998:236 ), after studying the society of Taiwan to make the transition, there is the following description:
Come to look from the society of Taiwan, the ' self- consciousness ' of each ' the field ' or ' the community ' is highly awakenned, each ' the field ' or ' the community ' are from the state moved towards ' has and moves about ' of
the past ' only has without moving about ', the ones that set up them are self-sufficient by different way, and object to the interference of other ' the field 's or ' the colony ' and arrange ". "Or ' the community ' requires that they themselves are a purpose for the ' the field ' after this kind of ' self- consciousness ' is highly awakenned, and no longer achieve the purpose means beyond themselves.
But while the society of Taiwan makes the transition , and lack the proper participation channel because of the relative lagging which the society , political structure change, cause various kinds of rights and benefits of awakenning the people day by day to demand to be unable to receive prompt satisfication, this kind of awakening is shown as a series of social sports that the society of Taiwan emerges from the end of the seventies.
Two, the types of social sports
It was that the society of Taiwan was in the key period making the transition to the modern industrialized city society from the end of the seventies to the beginning of the 1990s, a series of social sports that society of Taiwan rises of this period, have already had some common traditional social sports in course of industrialization, for instance: Labour movement, student movement; Materialism " political culture what is called New Society Movement of characteristic " after too have by industrial society after the some , have apparent ", for instance: Women's movement, environmental protection sport, moving etc. against the core. Since the eighties, sports of the society of Taiwan are all in industrialization and course of making the transition of society, the result that people's right consciousness and sense of participation awaken,
sport these essence with ' is it for starting point , have revolutionary ideology color either to seek survival, it can have said nearlies to be the the most unanimously to appear by personality of every one ' ask life to be rationalized ' to them '. The sports , such as environmental protection , consumer's protection , woman , student , labourer appearing in the eighties in Taiwan ,etc.
have such common demands. These sport ' only been in ' survive ' level strive for getting on,and not mainly not in ' life ' level get on not asking not improving '.
(It is high to become and forgive, 1996:11)its purpose is mainly to pursue this stratum or the enlargement or improvement of the political social status of different right and interests of group , or defend a certain values.
After the Kuomintang moves the platform, out of ' anti-communism replies the country ' and develop the economic purpose to implement the authority to rule, a great deal of rights or the rights and interests long-term of Taiwanese people are suppressed and ignored . The Kuomintang allows some public organizations established, for instance trade union , students' union , women's organization ,etc. are mostly handling tools that the Kuomintang carried on the authority and ruled, ¨çlike worker , student ,etc. enjoy never really not giving law various kinds of political right not economic. In addition, while industrialized in Taiwan, peasants' interests are struck extremely under valueing worker more than the policy of agriculture, meanwhile , because emphasized excessivly that economy had priority , made the environmental protection of Taiwan become economic development 犠 Domestic animal product , the pollution caused in industrial production is serious day by day. Since middle and later periods of the seventies, as the improvement of the social level of education runs up with the average national income , the Taiwanese people's self- right consciousness is strengthened gradually, pay close attention to
oneself's right and quality of the life very much, the intellectual especially of new generation, with participate in entertaining very high expectation to the social reform. Social sports seldom takes place or protest collectively , it was the severe suppresion that is ruled because of the Kuomintang's authority to societies of Taiwan in the past. And Chiang Ching-kuo, in order to establish the images of enlightenment and reform, except that object to sports and continue suppressing to politics, do not threaten to take the attitude of relenting in authority criticism and challenge ruling legitimacy of the Kuomintang to some directly, so, social sports of Taiwan have a relatively loose political environment.
This kind of environment makes various kinds of strata or groups require or discontented with appealing to to move one's own interests the society one after another . ' the beginning from 1980 to 1990 times , it is like the mushrooms after rain Taiwan that appear up to more than 26 kinds of sport ',(FuChang Wang, 1999:251)these movements include consumer's rights and interests sports, environmental protection sports, women's movement, favourable sports of the civil rights live originally, democratic movement of the campus, labour movement, sport that the old soldier returns to the township and welfare and saves oneselves, teacher's human rights sports, political victim (and right of relative) sport , religion that New Testament teach protest sport , nuclear move , Hakkas culture sport , purify election campaign ,etc.
instead. These sports involve the respect of the society of Taiwan, have mobilized the people of various kinds of strata , groups , ethnicities of Taiwan to participate in social sports, form the social sport agitation of Taiwan of the eighties.
Join , social sports train the political sense of participation
The social sport agitation since the eighties of Taiwan has promoted the transition of the social structure of Taiwan and political system greatly, at the same time the training and cultivation for Taiwanese people's political sense of participation have extremely important meanings.
First, social motion itself is a kind of form in which the politics is participated in. In the course of industrialization and democratization since modern times , express the interests and society and politics of different strata , group in the society to require through the form that the society moves, it is a kind of common phenomenon, this is a kind of normal phenomenon in the contemporary western democratic state's social political life too, influence politics to make policy , realize a kind of form in which politics is participated in.
Under the circumstances that the Kuomintang's long-term authority is ruled, on one hand the Taiwanese people fear the suppresion of the Kuomintang, even there are not proper interests that express the channel on the other hand, therefore demonstrate thick subject's cultural color on the political orientation , lack the political sense of participation, seldom stand up to resist in order to influence the government's policy for one's own right and interests. At the end of the seventies, the rise of social sports of Taiwan, showed the Taiwanese people that awakenned day by day in the modernized course, have already realized that safeguard the rights and interests of one's own or group by way of moving in the society. This kind awakening of consciousness smoke at subject culture long-term Taiwan people of pottery but speech one politics break-through in idea, it is the sign that the modern participant's political culture begins to sprout . Social sport of Taiwan ' with country or state power of government, public power is done for protestsing , gives a full accounting or goal that demands, in order to require state power, get involved power not
public or it change public policy,it require government fair as economy equal arbitrator to become society ' (XinHuang Xiao, 1996:32 )display the politics of issuing gulves with distinct social movement and participate in the characteristic . Participate in the situation not unblocked of channel in politics, social sport whether Taiwan of different stratum , group people try and maintain one's own rights and interests, influence politics not to input , realize a kind of important form in which politics is participated in.
Second, the development of social sports of Taiwan not merely makes the participant of the movement participated in training by politics, having strengthened their sense of participation, and the social impact produced of sport and diffusion effect have promoted the awakening of the sense of participation of whole society and politics.
The development of social sports makes more and more Taiwanese people realize , it is a kind of right way to safeguard one's own interests to carry on politics or the communal participation with the action, public power serves the people, the people are masters of the society. Under the impact that the society moves, the rights and interests consciousness of one and another social strata and groups and sense of participation are woken up , and make them go on the street , participate in sport , become the positive participant. Since 1980 comes to society of Taiwan to move and rise, participate in disadvantaged groups , such as Taiwanese people persons who have already had peasant , woman , old soldier , aboriginal , disability in the social edge that the society transports ,etc., there are social core forces , such as labourer , student , middle class ,etc. too, each stratum of the society of Taiwan is involved invariably , countless Taiwanese people were
participated in training by social movement and politics. According to king's just prosperous (1999:289 ) research, social sports after lifting a curfew are like statistics below:
After the martial law system in Taiwan was removed in 1987, various kinds of happenning in Taiwan paraded and presented a petition the activity increased year by year. In 1986 before the martial law is removed , the activity was 538 times that the people happenning in Taiwan gathered to parade to present a petit ion, it is estimated that the number of participant is 230,000 , reached it 1233 times in 1987 , the number of participant is about 600,000.
After this, the number of times of this kind of activity and number of people of participation rose rapidly, was 5431 times in 1989, 2,210,000 people, the number of times of 1994 is up to 11294 times, the number of people was up to 4,360,000.
All kinds of social sports that this has shown , have already become in the society of Taiwan gradually gradually, a part of the customary political activity, on this basis, the sense of participation of the whole society of Taiwan has got abundant training and strengthened too. In addition, social sports of Taiwan have made the transition and fostered numerous politics to participate in talents to participating in type democratic politics for Taiwan. Social sports of Taiwan involve each stratum and group , but can often see figure and influence of intellectual , student and " specialized social sport person " behind these sports. Have given play to the organization , consultation , intellectual , student and specialized social sport person of the leading role in various kinds of sports, pass the training that the society moved, become various kinds of political reforms and politics in course that the politics of Taiwan will make the transition in the future and participate in the movement and do strength.