One , industrialization and political consciousness of the middle class

Chapter four Social changes and political culture make the transition

The promotion of the quality of social productivity is the most basic motive force of promoting political cultural changes. After the war, the industrialization of Taiwan improved the social productivity of Taiwan greatly , having realized the progress of the quality of social productivity, Taiwan is exactly a

progressive result of the social productivity quality from traditional agricultural society to the transition of the modernized industrial society. Industrialized arrival, has assaulted and changed the already existing structure of social class of Taiwan seriously, make production life style , life quality and social economic status of most people in the society all change fundamentally, the thorough change is taking place in the social base that this kind of change means the political culture of the mainstream of Taiwan. Under the new social form, the middle class becomes the main body of the society of Taiwan, the lifting a ban and improving the ability that people understand politics and participate in politics with development of popularization and media which Taiwan educates, people demanded to politics and the attitude has already been totally different from traditional peasants in agricultural era , the political sense of participation of the Taiwanese people obviously improves. Society of Taiwan in transformation period in the 1980s, social sport that surge forward that cause because of inflation of people's sense of participation and political right consciousness train and train politics , Taiwan of people not to can participate in further Strength and political sense of participation.

Contemporary Taiwan has promoted the growth of the sense of participation of

society and politics of Taiwan from the traditional agricultural society effectively to the transition of the modern industrialized city society.

Section one Middle class and politics participate in

The striking the most largly to society of Taiwan of industrialization, but change the modes of production of people on a large scale, changed the social structure of Taiwan too at the same time, formed the numerous middle classes of a number of people, the middle class substitutes the main body that peasants become the society of Taiwan. Life style of social middle class of Taiwan of industrialized era, knowledge level , living standard , mode of thinking , values ,etc. are all completely different from traditional peasant in agricultural era, certainly the political orientations of the middle class and traditional peasant are completely different. Since the eighties, the middle class of Taiwan has already become the main body of the society of Taiwan, the political cultural orientation of the middle class is determining the nature and characteristic of the social political culture of mainstream in Taiwan.

The fifties after the war, fundamental transition has taken place in the social structure of Taiwan under the industrialized impact, in initial stage after the war, as a typical agricultural society, the peasant and landlord are the backbone of the society of Taiwan, the peasant is a subject of the social population composition . In the fifties, in a situation that the Kuomintang government pursued land reform policy by force, the landlord class of Taiwan has already disappeared from the society of Taiwan basically, peasants who accounts for over half of total population become main components of the society of Taiwan. However, under the impact of course of industrialization that began in the 1950s, ' peasant population of Taiwan flow nightfall city in a large

amount , enter factory work , but people in the countryside proportion drop gradually, by 1985, the employment proportion of the agriculture of Taiwan only accounts for 17.5% all obtaining employment , but only for 10.6% ' (relieve by 1995, 1999:118). This states it through only development of 40 years, peasants of Taiwan have already developed into a few colonies of the society from the original social subject . In this way, in industrialized era, peasants have already retreated from centre of the society to the edge of the society, and the middle class grown up and strengthened in the course of industrialization replaces peasants and becomes the social main body in Taiwan of industrialized era.

The middle class of Taiwan is ' a result of social economic changes after the war ' (Xiao XinHuang, 1989:6),grow up , strengthen gradually while industrialized in Taiwan.

From 1960 times, under the influence of the Kuomintang government's export leading type development tactics, in addition, Taiwan itself has the advantages of a large number of cheap workforces , large quantities of and is exported the processing industry to develop intensivly with the labour, has created a large number of employment opportunities, make large quantities of rural laborers pour into the urban factory. By the eighties, because Taiwan dollar appreciates , motive force shortage inside the island, worker's salary rises by a wide margin, the rapid development of the domestic service trade attracts a large amount of employed population, take shape and assault to Taiwanese labour's intensive enterprises seriously, cause numerous labour's intensive enterprises to have to move the factory to cheap Southeast Asia and China's Mainland. The domestic industrial

structure is upgraded in the capital, technology-intensive direction, have created the working employment opportunity of a lot of know-hows.

According to the research of social scholar Sun QingShan, (Sun QingShan , 1997:95 - 96) while the industry of Taiwan upgrades, all kinds of service trades get fast development too:

Productive service trades such as advertisement , design , marketing , information etc., financial services industry , such as stock , real estate ,etc., and consuming service trade ,etc. , such as going sightseeing , lying fallow , hotel , communications and transportation ,etc. all get the fast development.

After 1986, the service trade employed population of Taiwan has already exceeded industry, has marched toward the society taking service trade as leading factor.

So far, on the employment structure, Taiwanese society has possessed the characteristic of the industrial society after some.

Theoretically, after the agricultural society enters the industrial society, the leading class of the society of Taiwan should be labourer's class. But, in the course of developing in reality, the working class of Taiwan working in the secondary industry has not developed into leading factor strength of the society of Taiwan . Its main reason, on one hand the transition of the society of Taiwan is too quick in speed, the working class has not grown up, strengthened yet, employment structure state of the industrial society after the employment structure of Taiwan has been entered. The industrialization of Taiwan begins from labour's intensive enterprises, only passes short more than 20 years, under the influence of all kinds of environment inside the island , the industrial structure makes the

transition to the capital and technology-intensive enterprise. Meanwhile, in the first, the workforce of employment of the secondary industry drops gradually, and the tertiary industry, namely the employment volume of the service trade rises by a large margin , exceed in the number of worker of employment of the secondary industry:

In the employment structure of Taiwan, before 1970, industry's workers were lower than the employment volume of agriculture and service trade, until about 1980, the number of people of employment did not exceed 42.5% that agriculture and service trade reach the total employment in the industrial enterprise, it is fair that the employment volume of the service trade and industrial enterprise has already been close by 1985, its proportion is 41.0%

and 41.6% respectively. After this, industry's workers' proportion dropped year by year, the number of people of service trade rose fast, the employment volume of service trade of Taiwan accounted for 53.2% of total employment in 1998, but the proportion of industry's employment volume dropped to 37.9%.

(Relieve, 1999: 39)

This shows , the fast society of Taiwan and transition of the employment structure, make the industrial worker fail to become leading status in the society steady in a long-termly. On the other hand, because the Kuomintang government, to strict control and workers' high mobility of the labour organization, make the working class fail to become the class with strong influence power in the society of Taiwan. Under the martial law system, various kinds of rights and interests of Taiwanese workers' are limited strictly, and, the Kuomintang also turns the trade unions at all levels into tools that the Kuomintang handled , workers' trade union lacks independence. As for

workers, in intensive enterprises of the labour in Taiwan, ' because engineering level require low, between the labourer can quite heavy in person who replace, cause workers' mobility among enterprises to be quite great. A lot of workers just hope to practise so that some produce technical ability in the factory too, so that oneself start an undertaking, become small enterprise main fact ' (Xu ZhengGuang , 1989:38), and ' working career of workers of manufacturing industry of Taiwan not only has a lot of flow chances to become the young master of manufacturing industry, in recent years cause at enlargement of service trade, it offer a lot of become by chance of young master where service trade engaged in buying and selling and serving '. (Sun QingShan , yellow firm will 1997:60) all these cause the reason with faint will and can't produce the strong influence power to the society ing of the working class of Taiwan.

As the new developing industrialized area, Taiwan after the eighties is like other developed countries, it was the middle class that formed social subject . ' the middle class of Taiwan can be divided into old middle class and two kinds of new middle class. Old middle class mainly including self-operation little shopkeeper , shopkeeper,, person who employs homework and little employer,etc.. The new middle class of Taiwan is mainly undertaking taking technical ability , academic credentials , diploma as orientation and managerial talent, it is those that are not obtained its social status by the capital or the labour , but rely on its management white collar and technological white collar whose technical ability , knowledge , speciality obtained the job and social status.

(Xiao XinHuang , 1989:6) the growth of the middle class of Taiwan is an industrialized result too. First of all, in the industrialized course, the enterprise structure of Taiwan takes the overwhelming majority with the

small and medium enterprise. Because there are few medium and small-scale commercial hired labourers with little investment of manufacturing industry, the specification requirement is low , with instant effect, in addition, compatriots like supporting oneself the door oneself is in the boss' psychology traditionally, so small and medium-sized enterprises have taken the overwhelming majority of enterprises of Taiwan. According to statistics (economic department , 1997:8), ' the small and medium-sized enterprises of Taiwan accounted for 97.95% of the total amount of enterprises in 1996, the total amount was up to 1,003,325 home '. The growth of small and medium-sized enterprises has brought up the large quantities of main facts of small and medium-sized enterprises too, ' as for its social status and income, they mostly belong to the middle class '. (Xiao XinHuang, 1989:41) secondly, fast development of upgrading with the industrial structure of Taiwan intensivly to the technology , fund and service trade, produce to numerous technological white collar it with manage a white collar , namely new middle class. It is at so-called one for service trade not postindustrial in the Taiwan one middle class not new (transport for instance,, finance, insurance, industry serve etc.) in proportion the in the majority, secondly it is the industrial department, but the old middle class (little employer ) regards traditional commerce as most. Come wholly to say , the middle classes of Taiwan all regard engaged in white collar jobs , such as relevant administration , speciality , technology , document and service ,etc.ing as the mainstream.

The researching and analysing of foundation Xiao XinHuang:

The class structure of Taiwan of 1990 times has already demonstrated the color of quite ripe modern industrial capitalism. The whole Taiwanese labourer

is the class (40.3% ) heaviest in proportion, secondly it is the middle class (33.6% ), among them, the new middle class (24.9% ) is far greater than the old middle class (8.7% ) again. The middle class of Taiwan relies mainly on the young and the middle aged man, there is higher level of education , regard engaged in the postindustrial service trade of the private departmenting as the job mainstream, regard city as the social space settling down and getting on with one's work, and enjoy the middle and upper income level, mostly have one's own houses. (Xiao XinHuang, 1999:222)

Though the middle class of Taiwan is not still the absolute majority in the society, have already become the relative majority in the society of Taiwan, especially because the middle class has higher social status , economic income and level of education, and in a situation that the social economy in Taiwan is developed further, the quantity of the middle class and proportion in the society will also present the trend of rising constantly, all these make middle class become the colony with strongest influence power in societies of Taiwan, form the main body of the society of Taiwan. And the orientation in such aspects as politics , culture of middle class represents the major orientation of the society of Taiwan.

As the leading factor class of the society of Taiwan, the middle class is very deeply concerned to various kinds of social concerns , political issues which the society of Taiwan appear transformation period, demonstrate the strong political sense of participation. Since the eighties, social sport and political movement surging forward in the society of Taiwan are mostly results that new middle class molecule mobilizes, leads and organizes. Organized by social sports of melting and succeeded in exerting pressure to the

Kuomintang's authoritative regime , and make it make concessions, ' the pressure and politics object to sports together, it promote the regimes the Kuomintang it relax control on folk society, it it opens to be initial stage of liberalization '. (Xiao XinHuang, ) new middle class of Taiwan of 1999:226, especially send intellectuals and young student through parading in the street freely, way of public speech require constitutional reform , ensure freedom of speech , Congress transform , object to soldier not to is it is it develop party politics ,etc. to have stable political situation to do, promoted the awakening of the sense of participation of society and politics of Taiwan, promoted the democratization course of Taiwan too at the same time . Just under the participation , support , organizing , leading and promoting of middle class of Taiwan, the democratization of politics of Taiwan can just be realized progressively.

In the human political life, politics has tool nature, have purpose.

Material and value that on one hand the political rights is controlling the society are distributed, influence material benefits and the obtaining of social status of social members; On the other hand, the political rights will influence the satisfication of the psychology too, scholar moustache Buddha (1998:286 ) thinks :

The power in the political life, can meet self-respect and impression conducting oneself with dignity psychologically directly . Although this kind of sense of self-respect and sense of conducting oneself with dignity are not as good as the physiological basic demand to come tangibly and urgently , but still a kind of demand, need relative satisfication. In other words, power itself is a purpose of the political life. In this way, political life belong to tool nature, it is purpose too, and is both as outward show and inner thoughts, and become

everybody's marriage partner courted .

Investigate that mankind's political development history is not difficult to find, often the level instead of the economic social status that is in is closely related for the power of people's political rights consciousness, the higher the economic social status is, the stronger its pursuit consciousness to the political rights is. Make the transition in period in the society, there are close relations between social economic political position and one's own condition that strong political sense of participation and middle class that the middle class of Taiwan shows are in.

One , industrialization and political consciousness of the middle class

First of all, the material prosperity brought in industrialization, help the middle class to abolish to authoritative superstition and strengthen its politics to participate in the orientation. The middle class of Taiwan of industrialized era is completely different from traditional peasants' production life style, industrialization has improved people and transformed natural ability and creativity greatly . The improvement of social productivity, the material production changing agricultural era completely is totally limited by in the natural passive state, make people get rid of the deficient threat of material fundamentally, and enter the era of relative surplus of the material, the satisfication of people's material demand has got the abundant guarantee. The deficient script of the material is the origin causing the mankind to produce the fear and superstition to natural strength, it is the main reason that cause the social authoritative structure to form too at the same time. Social abundant

material that improvement bring of productivity, is it reduce between people and natural fear and superstition of strength to contribute to not merely now, and necessary for life well-to-do, make authority type social structure lost the foundation of storing in gradually. So, what industrialization brought is not only once the material is liberated , it is liberated but also spirit. If from the moment that Democratic Progressive Party was established in 1986, the annual average income of each person of Taiwan is about 3000 US dollars (Tan QingShan, 1999:273),according to the research of Huntington, this is the threshold of democratization of Taiwan; As the industrialized main beneficiary, the middle class of Taiwan has higher economic income , social status and level of education, this not merely helps them to abolish fear and superstition authoritative to the nature or the politics, and higher knowledge level, make they with objective , attitude of common customs treat the political rights furthermore, incline to accept from freedom , democratic , equal , the idea participated in and thought that sovereignty belongs to the people propagated over in the western countries, therefore make them produce stronger politics and participate in the orientation. Middle class ' the living standard has already far exceeded food and clothing stage, people who mean this stratum are energetic and the interest care that social progress , politics are developed, to political reform even more have property of participation '. (Tan QingShan, 1999:273)

Generally speaking, three kinds of political cultural orientations that Almond enumerates : Villager's orientation , subject's orientation and participant's orientation, are not merely distributed in social groups at the same time , have these three kinds of orientations at the same time even on everyone. Which kind of political cultural orientation sureness of the social political culture of

mainstream takes the basis to occupy the leading position in the society, occupy economic social status and knowledge level that the political cultural orientation of the leading status depends on me in the personal political attitude , the politics power , social economic status and level of the knowledge level of participating in the orientation are in direct radio. Since ancient times , certain knowledge and most of social middle and upper-class people of the economic strength have stronger political sense of participation. For example, in this typical resident's society of ancient times in China, intellectual and the landlord class through imperial examinations examination, military exploit, buy rank of nobility ,etc. channel to involve in to national or local participation of politics deeply. There is an emperor's subjects on the people's name, in fact they are main participants of the national politics too. China in ancient times, on one hand the political politics with uniqueness of system is fair , emperor following government position open(Pan Wei , 2000:41); On the other hand, it is enough to support the rich family that the opener younger brother studied to be limited, the quantity of the intellectual brought up is limited too, so has not formed the crisis that politics is participated in. Industrialization after the war, having brought up the middle class of Taiwan, the middle class has already had a higher knowledge level, there is higher social economic status too, during the process of becoming the middle class from the lower floor of the society, with the rising of the economic status and level of education, the middle class possesses ability and confidence that politics is participated in, thus participate in the orientation in politics of activating the middle class, the sense of participation of the middle class improves gradually thereupon . Since the eighties, with growing stronger day by day and becoming the main body of the society of middle class of Taiwan, the politics of the middle class is

participated in requiring stronger and stronger , and condense and become a whiff of strong strength in the politics of Taiwan. As the mainstream of the society of Taiwan , participate in the orientation with pursue the main trend which represents the social thought in Taiwan in politics of the middle class, peasants general to Taiwan have the strong demonstration effect with labourer's stratum, go to the enhancement which has promoted the sense of participation of society and politics of Taiwan from making .

Two, suspicion to authoritative system legitimacy of middle class

Secondly, the structure of society and politics of Taiwan while making the transition has stimulated sense of participation and growth participating in being required of middle class. With economy and society's pluralistic development of Taiwan, the political rights loses the mysterious ring of light in the past gradually, more and more the common customs, the middle class is stronger and stronger for expanding the request for the political right. On the political structure, the political structure of authority of one party which the Kuomintang sets up in Taiwan, nearly monopolize all political resources, and have political exclusiveness, ' the identity of the Party member is often recruited to a political role's precondition ' in the Kuomintang (Wu WenCheng, 1996:30),only agree to ideology of the Kuomintang, become the Party member of the Kuomintang , could enter the Kuomintang and control the political system under , carry on the politics in fact to participate in. In economic development, under the era when the interests and thought are pluralistic condition, single ideology of the Kuomintang is unable to meet the need with pluralistic social orientation, do not admit numerously that the middle class of the Kuomintang's ideology orientation can only dissociate from the

Kuomintang, it is unable to enter in the political system . Under martial law system, limited politics , government of the Kuomintang , participate in channel , cause numerous middle class because of unable to be inhaled and brought into political structure of the Kuomintang effectively, so dissociate from regime . Because lack the channel of flowing upwards on politics, the intellectual that represents as the spirit of middle class and political activity molecule outside the party are discontented with strongly to the thing that the Kuomintang monopolizes the political rights, query political legitimacy , the Kuomintang of regime, in order to ' sovereignty belongs to the people ' in order to mainly demand, the power to demand to break the Kuomintang is monopolized, expand and participate in the channel , make all political positions open to the society by way of democracy. So this text thinks , the Kuomintang's regime is not that the opening is the political growth of sense of participation which stimulates the middle class, change the main reason of legitimacy approval of the political system of the Kuomintang's authority of middle class. This is a sport outside the party that Taiwan had required democracy since the end of the seventies too, basic reason that can be backed by vast middle class. In addition, under the circumstances that the Kuomintang's authority is ruled, the Taiwanese people's basic political right, for instance speech , gathering , freedom of association ,etc. have no guarantee.

There are higher economic social status and middle class of the knowledge level, the smoking under the pottery for many years of the idea, such as free in the west , democratic , equality , human rights,etc., no longer satisfied with the identities of the subject and ruled , demand to obtain basic citizen's right , realize the ideal that ' sovereignty belongs to the people ', break the monopoly to the political rights of the Kuomintang. So, political system of the

Kuomintang's authority in transformation period is not suppressing to basic civil right of opening and the Kuomintang government, it is an important reason stimulating the political sense of participation of middle class to strengthen.

The middle class will weaken the legitimacy foundation of the Kuomintang's authoritative political system progressively on the query of the political system legitimacy of the authority, this, to social political transition from subject's culture to participant's political culture of culture of mainstream of Taiwan, there are key meanings.

Join , the middle class cares about social environment

Question appearing in economic development and course of making the transition of society of Taiwan, not only produce class interests and quality of the life while influencing but also cause the important factor with stronger and stronger sense of participation of middle class. As to middle class , there is more wealth, just more interests need safeguarding too; There is more knowledge , will find that more rights need striving for too; Scholar (Wang ZhenHuan, 1999: 178-179)Think : In the rapidly capitalist society of Taiwan, the generous rise of the middle class, add the circulation of the postindustrial social structure knowledge and information , has already made the middle class of the society of Taiwan pay attention to the quality of the life more and more, paying attention to the system operation of democratic politics, they require that require the security of the property and guarantee of the life even more outside freedom. And the alliances of the Kuomintang , local politician and financial group, become the target who causes the social security and living environment to ruin nitpicked, and to the supervision of interests politics, such as consumers protect the law ,

sunshine bill in the Congress and persuading the enactment of law ,etc., becoming the political great topic, this helps the mobilization of the opposition and adds the social question of discontent to the Kuomintang power alliance of body indirectly too.

The middle class is a modernized main beneficiary in Taiwan, political , economic , social and environmental question appearing in the modernized course at the same time , influencing the interests of the middle class and quality of the life directly too. If has influenced the cross-Straits relations with safe psychology of middle class of Taiwan directly since the eighties, the economic policy of government closely related to economic benefits of middle class, and environmental pollution , ecological disruption , consumer's rights and interests , woman status question,etc.. Because the middle class has good education quality and higher social economic status , so they to about safe to extremely sensitive to pay close attention to issue with democratic politics , economy , society , environment ,etc. have Taiwan have, these questions are difficult to avoid while the political economic development and society of Taiwan make the transition, the society and politics organization which Taiwan has already had can't solve effectively fast , make realistic interests and quality of the life of the middle class influenced by the fact that direct or indirect , impel the middle class to call upon through various kinds of channels , and turning participating in various kinds of sports concretly concernedly to these questions, in order to arouse society , government's concern about these questions or some decision of the influence government's.

To concrete economic , social interests and concern of living environment quality, contribute to exciting the growth of the communal participation of middle class of Taiwan and political sense of participation.

As the main body of the society of Taiwan, the life style of the middle class and value orientation have strong demonstration effects to the whole society of Taiwan, under the drive of the political sense of participation of middle class and behavior, sovereignty belongs to the people the thought and political sense of participation are being spread to each stratum of the society of Taiwan constantly, promote the enhancement of the sense of participation of society and politics of Taiwan and promote the forming of participant's political culture constantly. With the economy and constant development of the society of Taiwan, the scale and influence of the middle class will be also expanded further, this will establish participant's political culture in major status of the society of Taiwan gradually.

Section two Educational development and politics are participated in

壹、 Except that the changes of economic development and social structure, change the social base of political culture, on the other hand, the education of the society popularizes the situations of using of degree and news media, also there is certain influence degree to the transition of political culture. As to individual, personal schooling and its political ability become positive correlation; As to a society, the popularization of education and improvement of people's level of education, will strengthen the people's political ability consciousness and political sense of participation greatly . And media whether one influence people go on important tool that judge to one's own and group interests through offering a large amount of information. It is important factors of

promoting the sense of participation of society and politics to improve that the enlargement on influence of media and degree of freedom rise.

After the war, the basic education of Taiwan gets the fast development, the whole level of education of the society of Taiwan improves by a large margin . Since the eighties, with the lifting a ban of dissemination of news, the spread undertaking of Taiwan must use the fast development too. The popularization of education and development of media have improved and played an important role to the sense of participation of society and politics of Taiwan in transformation period.

貳、

The education popularization of Taiwan and political cultural meaning

Education is the national important project, its influence is far-reaching, depend on its leading into no matter it is spurted and spread out that it is economic growth , prosperity , and culture of the society. British philosopher Luo Su has said: ' is it build perfect democratic politics to want , it wants to be to prepare and train , prepare and is it must focus on education to train at first. ' can be seen, educate with study function politically, especially among the course that democratic politics set up, its role acted is even more important.

First , education and political culture

Generally speaking, educate the relation with political culture, a lot of scholars roughly affirm that the two have close relations to exist, especially ' combine politics (political integration), politics is stable (political stability), politics is participated in (political participation) and politics is proper (political legitimacy ), have influence of a certain degree ' (Coleman , 1965:15 - 16 )

even more. But, as to some countries of the third world, their leader intends to finish the setting-up of democratic politics as quickly as possible, but because ' inadequate natural endowment ' with influence that lack proper care the day after tomorrow, unable to train the elite and the people with democratic ability to control oneself enough slowly , in order to improve the quality of national democracy, the result causes while pursue fast ' democratization ' and ' liberalization ', face the unstability of regime , even is close to the situation collapsing . In other words, inside and outside the campuses of these developing countries, lack the good democratic environment essentially, including the political culture , teachers , teaching material , teaching method and administrative operation of education, all unable to form one education network which conform with the democratic idea, it is also difficult to train the citizen with democratic ability naturally. So no matter the formalism (formalism ) or the realistic state with backward culture, it is apt to force this area to fall into the contradiction predicament of ' the wrong difference of era ' (anachronism ) in the political culture and ' heterogeneity ' educated , and this is also facing a difficult choice (Jiang BingLun , 1983:145 - 153) of developing country's democratization. So the foundation of democracy is being educated, and the implementation of democracy also depends on education.

P.W.Musgrave is in one book of " educational sociology " (Educational Sociology ), once divided the social function educated into the following five items: Transmission, the forming of innovation talents, political function, social choice function of this social culture, and economic function. Point out while touching upon the political function of education , usually take charge of two tasks in education system: 1.If the political organization of one society aims at

linking the existence of continuing its government form, this society needs all its members promptly, will especially come and can possess the younger generation of the political rights , will pledge loyalty to the administrative office now. This kind is in these societies to values which the government pledge loyalty to, often considered as the natural common understanding, but this kind of common understanding is inculcated through the education system consciously or unconsciously mostly. 2.Every society or the country need the leader. No matter what kind this national government is, in order to maintain the independence of the national subject, its national leader must produce from people of this country (Musgrave, 1972: 62). In choosing and training the leader, the school has played a quite important role. So, ' the so-called statement that " have its countries there must be its schools " (As is the state , so is the school ), what has been educated view,it can be regarded as political for edge toll of development ' (Coleman , 1965:6) but there aren't pieces of country, the main way is the strength of depending on education. Give play to the function of this kind of education, the concrete one says , it is operation and implementation that a kind of citizen educates. Therefore can know , the success or failure which the citizen educates, is influencing the realization of the national political goal, decision and innovation of the society.

Second, establish the foundation of democracy

Educate the contribution to political development relevantly, ' are generally divide into two big classes: First, politics socializes and trains citizens; Second, cultivation political elite ' (Musgrave,1972: 64). Most democratic societies, especially Britain, the inculcating of its relevant political consciousness, does not emphasize the brilliance of one political party , lay particular emphasis on

and train the people respect to democratic politics instead, and the tolerance to different suggestions . And rule the society under totalitarianly , emphasize that pledges loyalty to executive power now, and the inculcating of this kind of value, not merely can see history , geography , citizen or moral education textbook, at the same time , can often peep to know from its mother tongue textbook even natural textbook too.

All historical experience of the card, democracy is not extremely easy to obtain, the development of democratic politics, there are its foundation and condition , especially, practice of democratic politics needs to educate people's ability with democracy. American scholar H. G. Warren is pointed out promptly in one book of " operation of U.S.A.'s democracy " (Our Democracy at Work ): ' pay attention to the personal participation in political affairs , expression and admittance of the will of the people of the attention in the democratic society;

Reason on duty, one government of democracy must make their citizen ability with political activity via education. So a democratic state, the popularization of education contributes to the implementation of democratic politics. ' say again:

' implementation of the democratic political system, need the people to have strong faith to democracy. Meanwhile, need the people to the democratic political system different fields too, for instance government , electing , law ,etc.

have suitable understanding, could make the democratic effective operation of political system. ' ( Warren,1967:8-9) . So, education and relation of democracy are listed below (Xu ZongLin , 1990:124 - 126):

1.Educate and train members in the democratic society: Members in the democratic society, need the common understanding with democracy at first.

The democratic common understanding is not the understanding that is grown and all have, need to train gradually via the implementation that is educated.

2.Education can regenerate the life of the democratic society : Democracy is the life realm that a kind of mankind pursues . It is in different societies, there is representing in various degree. Only under constant efforts, democracy could move towards the perfect stage gradually . So, democracy is not a concrete , regular life style, but the substantial life course of a kind of continuation.

3.It contributes to the implementation of democracy to educate: The political system of western democracy, does not take shape on the first. In long historical development, people have accumulated the experience of life of democracy little by little.

Secondly, the citizen educates it to establishing the foundation of democratic politics, have important meanings. Confirm in the investigation of citizen's culture of five countries that Almond and Verba become , discover having in their research ' the Americans of 40% of the interviewees remembers their having an opportunity to participate in the discussion of the class and political social concern of debate, Great Britain , France , Italy , interviewee of four countries not black , it is to 16%- 12% respectively, it remember they have an opportunity participating in the discussion of the class and debate of once by 11% - 15% ', (Almond & Verba, 1965:174) the most important conclusion is that Almond and Verba think that does not encourage students to participate in discussing and argueing among them, may make it produce the psychological condition of the cold sense to politics after growing up . They obtained and found in five countries' investigation , do not almost have exceptional ground too at the same time , ' influence can pass the educator the consciousness government to their lifing, unless as to the thing that politics it notice, to more knowledge,and last more ability not political ' (Almond & Verba, 1965:174-175).

So, Pye thinks , the change of the attitude is one of the keys with modernized politics, and the masses' ability of becoming literate is exactly the foundation (Coleman 1965:16 - 17 ) which changes political attitudes of people.

In addition, Shirley H. Engle thinks in a new one book of " education of democratic citizen " (Education for Democratic Citizenship ) of 1988, to mould democratic citizen, that is to say implementation that democracy educate should besides society, socialize. Unless its reason is, every one modern citizen not fine of democratic state,with in the past or it is citizen difference not fine of country not autocratic now, except that patriotic , loyal and steadfast and obey the country lie in , should be a critic of a country even more, should can is it is it participate in transformation of country to go to like (Engle , 1988:3).

According to her statement, ' socialize and study the extant custom of a society , course of the tradition , rule and practical action. So if we want to pursue democratic politics, enable democratic politics for a long time , the goal educated should be, proper one the contents and method come not promoting not wanting younger generation not socialized pieces of national approval not led by ideal of democracy ' ( Engle, 1988:29-31). And socialize instead , its view is , the course of strength and independent democratic citizen that expand personal ability and enable becoming a reason , think. ' the socialization instead ' that he emphasized is that independent thinking and responsible society were criticized. Ability the for improve democratic quality of the life essential , live in one is it rely constant plural doctrine country that change of relation each other to have with other worlding especially, face the challenge of coming in a continuous stream every day, it is essential to possess the ability ( Engle, 1988:30). According to what Engle said, as the citizen under the modern democratic system, besides should approve the

country ing, there should be will of criticizing and participating in the ability that transform the country even more. It popularizes the course that melts, the high knowledge one's share that educate of a lot of acceptance that our country educates, because to the discontent of the current situation , and think of the idea of the reform , express one's own view on present politics with various kinds of ways , cause the attention of the authorities in power, should have meaning of front to the cultivation of democratic politics culture.

Historically, most of intellectuals have stronger political sense of participation and politics to participate in ability . Obviously, a person's knowledge degree had has close relation instead of the political cultural orientation. Engle thinks :

Social science knowledge and natural science knowledge that educator grasp , give them confidence to is it know and change world around further to go, produce and train personal efficiency sense slowly like this, personal efficiency sense whether modern psychological characteristic portrayal become first mainly In developing countries, the school is in the attitude , values and behavior of cultivating and strengthening people's modernity, it is one of the powerfullest ways. ( Engle,1988: 98)

Obviously, education is the important factor that determines to know the ability and self-confidence that the world transforms the world alone, people's attitude , values , behavior and education degree received , there are close relations. Political culture is regarded as the attitudes toward political system and self- role in the political system of people, relate to level of education that people receive too. Huntington( 1991:

79)Once proposed,

Citizen's cultural attitude - Whether is it competent at ability form support in democratization , cause citizen cultural attitude - is it competent at three major key element that ability form to believe in to believe in. The masses with higher schooling, more high-level economic development and huger middle class.

The improvement of the social whole level of education has positive meanings to the forming of participant's political culture.

Almond and Verba are found in studying political culture:

It seems most important that the demography (demographic ) of receiving an education to the political attitude is influenced , in the parameter investigation of general demography - Sex , residence , job , income , age ,etc., none can play a so important role to forming of the political attitude as educating this to change one while changing one. Receive an education or receive an education person lacked to teach, political behavior its receive an education more people are at all different. ( Almond& Verba,1963: 347)

Almond&Verba calls the citizen's ability political ability , subjects' ability is called administrative ability . Through comparing with respondent who has only received lower education, ' capable in administrative and political often person educated to pass, from rise to rudimentarily advancedly with the education degree, ability is improving constantly too, but behave in political ability more, but not in administrative ability '. ( Almond& Verba, 1963: 348)that is to say that with the improvement of the education degree , the stronger its citizen's ability is.

To the relation between education and political orientation, Almond and Verba (1963: 349)Summarize nine conclusions:

(1)The higher one of education degree seems to realize the government to personal function more than the low one than the education degree;

(2)The higher one of education degree seems to indicate more that he pays close attention to the politics and election campaign more than the low one than the education degree;

(3)The person with higher education degree, the political the more information that has;

(4)The higher one of education degree, having one's own views on the extensive political issue, the focal point that pays close attention to the thing to politics is more extensive;

(5)The persons with higher education degree, mostly participate in the discussion of politics;

(6)The person with higher education degree, can discuss politics with the person in the extensive range at will ;

(7)The person with higher education degree seems that can influence the government's ability to be very self-confident to oneself;

(8)The person with higher education degree seems that all members of one group , and still a positive member;

(9)The person with higher education degree, seem to state and have confidence in social environment that he is in: Believe firmly that others are credible and useful.

This is explained, there are close relations in the forming of educating and participating in type political cultural orientation, ' receive an education in the pass where more classes seem to grasp and participate in politics and get involved '. ( Almond& Verba,1963: 350)

Almond& Verba goes still one step further to educate the relation with political development:

In country any, (realize function of government class educated to pass

being might from realize politics on being cognitive, there is information about the government, pay attention to the development of politics through various kinds of means); Issue the political opinion on the question that extensively, and participate in the discussion of politics, the person with the higher education degree will also think that can influence the government by oneself , and participate in the discussion of politics freely. These a whole set of orientations form people and think to participate in the requiring the most low of politics. ( Almond& Verba,1963: 350)

Education can make people produce basic political consciousness , possess the basic political ability of participation. Enlargement and improvement of the schooling receiving an education in the stratum, represent and have political sense of participation and enlargement of the crowd who is participated in ability of politics in the whole society. The enlargement of the improvement and receiving an education crowd of the social whole education degree is key factors of promoting participant's political culture to form.

Third, it popularize making the transition with political culture that Taiwan educates

Same, development that was educated in 50 after the war and improvement of people's whole educational quality, it is one of the important reasons promoting the political culture of the mainstream of Taiwan to make the transition from subject's culture to participant's political culture. The development which Taiwan educated not merely prepared the sufficient high-quality human resources for economy modernization of Taiwan after the war, and the improvement of the social whole level of education, make more persons have consciousness , ability and confidence which participate in

politics.

Education of Taiwan, though has managed period and got certain development in Japan, the whole level of education of the society of Taiwan was still very low in 1950 until recovering. Official materials statistics show; ' 6 Taiwan of the population 1950, illiteracy rate 43.99%, primary school education degree 41.36%, otherwise studying 5.86% becoming literate independently, the population of the above education degree only accounts for 8.79% junior middle school, the population of the education degree accounted for 91.21%

under the junior middle school of society of Taiwan. ' (Ministry of Education,1988: 29)This reflects that education degree at the Taiwanese people at stage of the agricultural society is generally relatively low, such low national education degree makes most people lack the consciousness and ability which participate in politics, being reflected by political cultural orientation is subject's political leading status of occupying the society of Taiwan of culture.

Soon after the government took over Taiwan, begin to implement the educational reform in Taiwan, limit and remove the remnants influence of ' Japanese emperor the people ' existing in order to abolish the inequality in education. ' the 1944 managing period on day, the going to school rate of children of primary school of Taiwan was only 71.31%, 1946 learns to increase to 78.56% in year, but still more than 20% children of the right age fail to enter school reading. In order to popularize national education, it issue at 1947 government " it is of the right age children last method of entering school "

',(Taiwan Province information service, 1995: 80)in order to pursue the national compulsory education of 6 -year system conscientiously. After the government moves the platform, ' because economic stability develop, living standards of

the people raise, rapidly national educational development, the children going to school rate was improved year by year, the school-ager in 1956 going to school rate was up to 93.82% , was up to 97.16% in 1966. ' (Ministry of Education,1988: 29)As large quantities of children enter school, finish the study of compulsory education for 6 years, and enter a higher school the will is strong , Taiwan is already existing the duty school has been already unable to satisfy the demands junior middle school , the beginning, form and enter a higher school the bottleneck. All sorts of problems brought for solving from this, ' the government decides to lengthen compulsory education service life, has pursued nine-year compulsory education system at the same time in Taiwan and Golden Horse area si nce September of 1968. As regards school attendance rate of junior school student in Taiwan, it is 26.4% in year that 1946 is studied, in other words, nearly 1/4 of the graduates of primary school continue promoting and reading junior middle school. Study for year to 1967, this rate is 57.59%, implemented the first year of nine-year compulsory education in 1968, junior school student's school attendance rate rose to 71.12%. The school attendance rate was raised continuously after this, already been up to 99.90% while studying. ' (Taiwan Province information service,1995: 82)That is to say , the persons who have special situation of the physical and psychological obstacle except minority , Taiwanese nearly all primary school graduates can continue rising up into and studying in junior middle school , accept nine intact -year system compulsory education.

The implementation of nine-year compulsory education, has promoted the development of educating and higher education of high school of Taiwan too. ' the enrollment of high school was 29005 at the beginning in Taiwan of 1944, the students at school of high school were 62548 people in 1961, increased to

119740 people in 1968, was 120759 people in 1981, up to 142299 people in 1991. ' (Taiwan Province information service,1995: 36)The growth of Taiwanese high school student's number has prepared sufficient student's source for higher education. On this basis, the higher education of Taiwan gets the fast development too. ' the number of student of the above of junior college of Taiwan (including training , university , research institute ) accounts for all people's proportion, by 0.3% (35,000 people ) , 1.4% (200,000 people ) of 1970 of 1960 , rise to 1.9% of 1980 (340,000 people). ' (Wang FuChang, 1992:

256)After entering the eighties, student's number of above junior college of Taiwan grew up fast, ' the number of people was up to 430,000 in 1985, increased to 577,000 people in 1990, increased to 750,000 people further in 1995, up to 856,000 people in 1997. The ones that hit Taiwan in 20 from 1976 to 1996 graduated from university the number of people added up to 2,360,000.

' (Ministry of Education,1988: 45)The developing into economic development of Taiwan of high educational undertaking has trained large quantities of talents in Taiwan, this is essential to Taiwanese development which has 20 million people.

The development which Taiwan educated, has improved the level of education of the society of Taiwan on the whole. ' by 1985, 15 Taiwan population the literacy rate drop to 12.26%, the literacy rate increases to 87.73%, among them the population of the above education degree of high school is up to 38.8%, the education degree of above junior college is 11.25%.

The education degree population of above junior college of Taiwan rose to 13.41% in 1990, the above degree of high school totalled and accounted for 45.13%, the illiteracy rate is lowered to 7.59%. By 1996, the illiteracy rate of Taiwan is lowered to 5.68%, the education degree person of above junior

college rises to 19.32% further, the above education degree of high school person accounts for 54.85% of the population over 15, the total of the above person is up to 71.99% junior middle school. ' (Ministry of Education,1988:

30)Compared with education degree structure of Taiwanese population in initial stage after the war, there are improvement by a large margin and change of the quality in the social whole education degree of Taiwan, the person who has relatively high education degree accounts for adult's population's great majority.

The development that Taiwan educates makes more and more young people pass the way to accept higher education, rise to the ranks of the middle class, so the development that educates has decisive factors to the rise and strengthening of the middle class of Taiwan most. The development of education not merely promotes the change of the social structure of Taiwan to prepare the social base for participant's political culture, and has influenced political attitude and change of the behavior of the Taiwanese people, the political culture of mainstream to Taiwan has played a key role from subject's culture to the transition of participant's culture.

Second, educate and improve confidence and ability that the people participate in politics

First, educate and improve people's knowledge level and ability

First of all, educate and improve people's knowledge level and ability, help to improve right to educator consciousness and political sense of participation.

It is a course that knowledge increases to accept the education, the improvement of the education degree means the corresponding improvement

of the personal knowledge and ability . In the human society, knowledge and material are both wealth, they can all bring the confidence , ability to people , bring the request for expanding the right too at the same time . There are two folk adages in China, another one is conceited and contemptuous that one has wealth speak louder than others. These two folk adages have reflected deeply that the material wealth will bring confidence and strength to somebody as knowledge or the spiritual wealth. The growth of the material wealth impels people to expand the requisition for right and interests, and the growth of knowledge promotes the increase of the requests for the right and interests of people too. In normal cases, so long as the condition possesses, anyone hopes to expand one's own wealth and right, it is more urgent in enlargement of the wealth or the right to possess certain material wealth or the person of the knowledge, and they have ability and confidence to expand one's own wealth and right even more. And the person with knowledge has possessed the basic ability to participate in politics, there is comparatively clear political consciousness , require more urgent too in participating in politics. Just as what Hangzhou court have said, literacy rate and improvement of level of education even ' improve people's pursuit and expectation, it gets if they to be the satisfied, it and can't expect not will irritate individual and colony participate in not getting politics ofing pursuit then '. ( Huntington, 1991:47)so, it is the motive force that people demand to expand the political right and participate in politics that knowledge increases itself. Praise according to scholar Yuan the west and DeYu Chen (1988:314 - 315 ) a series of that carry on investigate on will it be middle period the eighties, ' recognizing to equal right is the same, the above degree junior middle school person admits that the proportion is above 53% ; The degree person in the middle and primary schools is that the

proportion of approval that sovereignty belongs to the people is 49% to the autonomy , admit getting above more 60% items on it is high school the above degree '. This proves that there are close relations in the Taiwanese people's education degree and its value orientation of power , the rising of the social whole education degree will promote politics to participate in the improvement with political democracy consciousness. The development which Taiwan has educated has enabled being crossed the medium-sized number of people educated above and increasing greatly since after the war, reaching over half of citizen's population by 1996, this represented most adult citizens in society of Taiwan and possessed the ability that politics is participated in, the political sense of participation of the society of Taiwan is being strengthened greatly too.

Second, educate it is the important channel with socialized politics

Secondly, the country that makes the transition from agricultural society to the modernized industrial society such as Taiwan, education is a modernized channel of realizing people, at the same time it is the tool with socialized politics too, namely enable being got a certain values about the society and politics by the educator through education. ' enlargement of the political socialized scale of course of improvement meaning of the popularization that educates and level of education and quickening of the speed, its politics in result participate in not participating in improvement of competence of

enlargement and the politics of scale '. (Liu Ming, 1992:372)' is it transmit and receive the educator knowledge , technical ability , social values and norm of mainstream not merely to educate, and educate to also promote the changes

of the society through creating , propagating new knowledge , values and faith.

' (Wright, 1982:128)in the education system of Taiwan, the Kuomintang government passes the middle and primary schools textbook, propagate a large number of traditional values of the Confucian school, and stipulate that all middle school student and university student want to read fathers of a republic , such as the Three People's Principles ,etc. thought, so, some values participate in the political cultural idea such as filial , democratic , science , equality , freedom ,etc., has dissolved it in the thought of entering some Taiwanese intellectuals gradually, the institution of higher education of China has been the main position to pursue democratic freedom all the time too.

Political cultural ideas , such as these intellectual's democracy to the conscientious or not conscientious lieutenant general actually engaged in educational work , participating in ,etc. spread and receive the educator. And in a situation that the Kuomintang's authority is ruled, these participating in type political cultural ideas are quite strong attractive to numerous young students , the values , such as freedom , democracy , participating in ,etc. become them in the heart the politics difficult to check is pursued . Especially since the seventies, batches of political democratic movement are lifted from Taiwan campus, and spread to the whole society of Taiwan, make the seventies young student , pursue into democracy , participate in training of politics and smoke the pottery, become the main pusher of democratization of politics of Taiwan.

Popularization and development which Taiwan educated, make these hit higher education , had strong democratic idea and person who is participated in orientation of politics to get more and more, becoming the main body of the society of Taiwan gradually, the person with traditional subject's orientation becomes the minority of the society gradually. This trend makes participant's

political culture become the political culture of mainstream of the society of Taiwan naturally .

Development and function of making the transition to political culture of joining , contemporary Taiwan media

' a person's political belief is accepted to political information to decide by him '. ( Erikson,etc, 1991:204)that is to say , the content , nature of political information can influence the political belief of the persons who accept and political attitude , and the nature that the content and information of political information which a society accept will determining this social political culture of mainstream. Media that the spread of social information and political information depends on the newspaper , broadcast , TV , network mainly in contemporary world ,etc.. In the western countries, the influence power of electing to politics in mass media , government's decision and behavior is self-evident. Historically, the development of media has played a key role to the political belief which changed people too, in country of transformation period such as society to one especially but speech , liberalization and develop for change political belief of people of media, the function of promoting the political cultural changes of the society is very strong.

Mass media in the modern society, such as the newspaper , magazine , TV, broadcast, it is the result after the industrial revolution. Before this, there are few persons that can become literate , study in the society, the information transmission is mainly a mouth according to legend, the speed is slow, so the information of the whole society flows is very limited, so the knowledge and recognizing to the society , naturally which causes people is quite limited.

Though it was limited that information flowed, but we can still see China of

period of Europe , Qing Dynasty of Middle Ages , a lot of intellectuals are pronounced guilty because of propagating various kinds of non-mainstream thoughts. Even some dictatorship autocratic country or area , except that add and control media severely ruler in modern times, still often coming as a hard blow at propagating democratic thinkers of freedom, this kind of example pronounced guilty because of the speech can be found everywhere. The authoritative ruler such as the church of Middle Ages , Chinese emperor is regarded as dreadful monsters the spread of the new thought, because the spread of these thoughts can change the people's political idea , threaten the ruler's authoritative stability and legitimacy. In modern Europe, with the development of industrial revolution and capitalism , emerge one advertise freedom , equal sovereignty belongs to the people , power person who check and balance democratic thought to teach beginners a thinker name, these democratic thoughts of theirs just spread to the masses of people and countries all over the world through ways , such as developed newspaper , books that stood up ,etc. day by day. Thoughts , such as newspaper , books ,etc. and political information dissemination tool are exciting people's political sense of participation of American-European countries, had promoted the establishment of the democratic system and played an enormous role in the forming process of the democratic politics values. Moreover, these democratic thoughts of the thinker's , still with the spreading constantly of personnel's associating , books , newspaper , broadcast , TV that teach beginners in America and Europe, influence is not the changes of American-European countries or the regional political culture deeply, become these areas and overthrow the feudal autocratic monarchy, set up the ideological weapon of the democratic system.

After the Kuomintang government moves the platform, in order to stabilize the governance in Taiwan except that control in various kinds of medias of propagating directly , still implement the strict examination to the content of the media , make the media of Taiwan become a tool which the authority of safeguarding the Kuomintang rules serving with. Even so , send personages in some democracy in Taiwan, thunderous shaking , Li Ao ,etc., have attempted through establishing the means to issue magazine, propagate the democratic thought, query the authority of the Kuomintang is ruled , though suppressed in succession, but utilize communication means , such as magazine , newspaper ,etc. to still become the non-Party personage to use for propagating the democratic thought , objecting to the autocratic main means that rules of the Kuomintang. The Kuomintang removed the party and prohibitted the restriction on newspaper licensing in 1987, made the newspaper , magazine , broadcast , TV of Taiwan get freedom , fast development. In the democratization of politics course of Taiwan, the development of the media of Taiwan, to the monopoly breaking ideology of the Kuomintang, promote the pluralism of the social political ideology in Taiwan , advocate the democracy , freedom , participate in , such citizen's cultural ideas as power checked and balanced have played an important role, have promoted the growth of the sense of participation of society and politics of Taiwan effectively.

The development of the media of Taiwan after the war, the impact on society and politics culture reflects in two aspects, first, before Taiwan opened restriction on newspaper licensing in 1988, the media of Taiwan had already got very great development, becoming the main channel that the Taiwanese people obtain political social news, Taiwanese people have already in the

influence of omnipresent media been ; Second, after the newspaper of Taiwan lifted a ban in 1988, the monopoly and examining and was broken tightly to media of the Kuomintang, reflect that the media of different political views emerges like the mushrooms after rain, have give play to the role of agitating politically greatly of media, has promoted the pluralism of the orientation of society and politics of Taiwan and improvement of people's political sense of participation, have promoted the politics of Taiwan to make the transition to the democratic system effectively.

First, media of period of martial law

Before the Kuomintang government removes the control on media, the newspaper , broadcast , TV undertaking of Taiwan had already got very great development. From newspaper industry, after Taiwan recovers, Taiwan Hsin Sheng Pao, Chinese daily were successively established, Central Daily News moved the platform with the Kuomintang government in 1949, these three are main newspapers of Taiwan, there are some private newspapers with less strength in Taiwan journalism market in addition. In order to economize the foreign currency and benefit the control on newspaper, the government stipulated a big Zhang Ban of the limit of number of issue of the newspaper in 1950. The government think that counted and already reached the saturation point at home of newspaper office of Taiwan in June of 1951, restrain the newspaper from being registered. In the fifties, Taiwanese average every 29.4 people had a newspaper. The sixties were the economic high-speed developing period of Taiwan, because the increase of people's income and popularization of education, is it read newspaper number increase by a wide margin , newspaper industry fast development thereupon too of Taiwan to

make, the quantity issued is heightened. Having especially reached the seventies, the Kuomintang government was forced to withdraw from the United Nations, breaking off the friendship with the Japan and U.S.A. in succession, the Taiwanese people care about the news and current affairs very much, the high-speed development with economy of Taiwan makes the people increase various kinds of internat ional information demands, having promoted the development of newspaper industry greatly, the newspaper of Taiwan always sells and counts and reaches 3,500,000 by 1981. In development of broadcast, TV undertaking, the Kuomintang moves in platform initial stage , only there are 10 limitless radio stations keeping going by painstaking effort in Taiwan. With economic development and need of propaganda, the broadcasting stations of all parts of Taiwan expand the equipment and launch ability constantly, lengthen radio time, substantiating the radio content, transmission renders a service and covers on the whole island, and even the continent and overseas. Broadcast frequency before opening by 1993, Taiwan added up to 33 publicly-owned , private broadcasting stations.

Since 1962, successively three TV and Radio Corporations , namely Taiwan Television Enterprise, Ltd. , Chinese TV and Radio Corporation and Chinese TV and Radio Corporation were established in Taiwan. And the programs of these three TV stations have been the main source that Taiwanese has obtained information of news all the time .

Second, spread media of letting a hundred schools contend after lift a curfew

With the development of media and improvement of people's education living standard, nearly ubiquitous media has already become an important