Chapter 3 Theoretical backgraund
3.4 Separation of plasmon-polariton modes of metal particle
The plasmon-polariton bands excited optically in Ag-particle systems of various particle sizes were separated by applying both optical and photothermal spectroscopy.
The dipolar absorption band, the dipolar scattering band, and the quadrupolar absorption band could be clearly resolved. The essential spectral features confirm the predictions of Mie’s electromagnetic theory. Results are also shown for densely packed particle system.
Mie and Debye used Rayleigh’s partial-wave method assuming various excitation modes in the particles. These modes due to different multipolar excitations were classified by the multipole order v of the spherical functions. They are divided into “electric” and “magnetic” modes with the radial components of the magnetic and electric field B and E, respectively, vanishing at the particle surface. The former are interpreted as due to eddy currents, as shown in Table 2.
Table 3.2: Decomposition of the extinction of spherical metal particles into true absorption and scattering losses of various multipolar modes [13]
References 1. G. Mie: Ann. Phy. 25, 377 (1908)
2. P. Debye: Ann. Phys. 30. 57 (1909)
3. William T. Doyle, “Electrodynamic response of metal sphere”, J. Opt. Soc. Am.
A 2, 1031 (1985)
4. Patrick Englebienne, Anne Van Hoonacker and Michel Verhas, “Surface plasmon resonance: principles, methods and application in biomedical science”, Spectroscopy 17, 255 (2003)
5. Stefan A. Maier, Pieter G. Kik, Harry A. Atwater, Ssheffer Meltzer, Ari A. G.
Requicha, and Bruce E. Koel, “Observation of coupled plasmno-polariton modes of plasmon waveguides for electromagnetic energy transport below the diffraction limit”, Proceedings of SPIE.
6. P. B. Johnsonand R. W.Christy, “Optical constants of the Noble Metals”, Phys.
Rev. B 6, 4370 (1972)
7. Uwe Kreibig and Peter Zacharias, “Surface plasma resonances in small spherical silver and gold particles”, Z. Physik 231, 1283 (1970)
8. Ph. Buffat and J-P Borel, “Size effect on the melting temperature of gold particles”, Phys. Rev. A 13, 2287 (1976)
9. Lucia B Scaffardi and Jorge O Tocho, “Size dependence of refractive index of gold nanoparticles”, Nanotechnology 17, 1309 (2006)
10. Uwe Kreibig and Michael Vollmer, “Optical properties of metal clusters”, Series:
Springer Series in Materials Science (1995)
11. H. C. van de Hulst, “Light scattering by small particles”, Dover publication Inc.
New York (1957)
12. Graifg F. Bohern and Donald R. Huffman, “Absorption and Sacttering of light by small particle”, John Wiley and SONS, New York (1983)
13. U. Kreibig and B. Schmitz and H. D. Breuer, “Separation of plasmon-polariton modes of small metal particles” Phys. Rev. B 36, 5027 (1987)
Chapter 4
Real time absorbance spectra due to optical dynamics of silver nano-particles film
In this chapter, we report the real time absorbance spectra due to optical dynamics of silver nano-particles film under a heating treatment from 28 to 300 ℃. A 7nm-thicked sliver film was thermally deposited on an indium tin oxide glass substrate. In the process of heating, the real time absorbance spectra of silver nano-particles film were measured by an optical spectrometer. It was noted that the absorbance spectra of the film varied with the heat-treating temperature and time. The peak position in the spectra curve shifted to shorter wavelength below the temperature of 250 ℃, then shifted to red band due to higher temperature treatment. With the comparison of scanning electron micrograph analysis, the real time absorbance spectra exhibited a particular optical property confirmed by the dynamic dark-field optical microscopy system. The real-time absorbance spectra and dark-field micrographs analyses lead to a direct and non-destructed observation of growing evolution of metal nano-particles. This direct and non-destructed observation of nano-structured metal may provide potential application for nano-technology.
4.1 Optical absorbance of silver nanoparticle
The excitation of localized surface plasmons on nano-structured metal leads to the strong light scattering and absorption. The collective electron in nano-scale metal was affected by the probe electric field and the oscillation determines the external optical property. The dependence of the shape, size, size distribution, and dielectric property of surrounding environment of nano-structured metal leads to particular characteristics in the absorbance spectrum. In the other hand, the physical nature of metallic structure can be reflected directly according to the absorbance spectrum.
4.1.1 Theoretical Cross section and absorbance
The electrodynamic aspects of the problem are governed by Mie’s equations for the interaction of a plane electromagnetic wave with a spherical particle of arbitrary index of refraction embedded in a dielectric medium. Although the physical interpretation is obscure, calculations based on Mie’s equations show that all optically good metals exhibit similar characteristic spectral changes as a function of particle size. The purpose of this paper is to show that the size dependences of the peak position, height, and half-width of the electric dipole resonance in small particles all can be calculated by using the expression for the extinction cross section of a simple point dipole.
The contribution of free electron and bound electron in metal nano-particles was considered into the dielectric function. The motion of electron determined the optical property of novel metal material, such as silver or golden. The extinction and scattering loss were theoretically estimated on the basis of Mie’s theory. The particles shape was assumed as a spherical.
The extinction cross section can be expressed by the orthogonality of the spherical harmonics and into independent multipole contributions. The Mie coefficients for the extinction cross section is given by
∑
∞ surrounding environment. ψnand ζn are Riccati-Bessel functions. According to Equation 1, we can obtain the Mie coefficients were shifted to shorter wavelength dueto the decrease of effective refractive index of surrounding environment and shifted to longer wavelength when the particles grew up. The theoretical analysis was in a good agreement with experimental results.
Due to the real time absorbance spectra measurement, the growth evolution of silver nano-particles film can be optically analyzed. There were two stages of nuclea and steady growth divided in the annealing process. With the comparison of the analysis of scanning electron micrographies, the real size and density of particles can be determined. Furthermore, the real time dark-field optical micrograph was consistent with the dynamics absorbance spectra.
Based on the information of total cross section, the optical absorbance A of silver nanoparticles can be written as the following expression
⎟⎠
⎜ ⎞
⎝
⎛
= −
σ A N
1
log10 1 (4)
where the N is the density of spheroids in a unit of surface area. The value of N can be determined by an analysis of scanning electron micrograph. So far, the absorbance of silver nanoparticles can be determined by the particles size, shape, and density. In addition, the environment effect on surface plasmons was important to the absorbance property of silver nanoparticles.
4.2 Preparation of silver nanoparticles film
In this work, we presented the real time absorbance spectra of silver nanoparticles film under a heating process. The heating treatment on silver nanoparticle layer resulted in the evolution of particle size, size distribution which determined the absorbance characteristic. The growth evolution was divided into two stages, nuclear formation, and stable aggregation, due to peak shift of real time absorbance spectra. According to the analyses of the SEM and dark-field micrograph,
it was noted that the particle size grew up lead to decrease of particle density. With the real-time and direct information of dynamic absorbance spectra, the evolution of silver nanoparticles layer with heating treatment was discussed in this paper.
A silver film (99.99%) was thermally deposited on an indium tin oxide (ITO) glass plate, the vacuum of the depositing chamber was 5×10−6torr and the thickness was 7 nm. The ITO substrate with a nano-thicked Ag film was placed on a heated holder and the temperature was controlled by a temperature controller with 0.1 ℃ resolution. The temperature was increased from room temperature (28) to 300 .℃ Then the temperature was kept at 300 for 1 hour. The probe light source was Tungsten-Halogen lamp with power 250 W. The absorbance spectra were measured at various heating steps. An optical spectrum-meter, purchased from ocean optics. A translation stage was designed for both the absorbance spectrum measurement and the optical dark-field microscopy observation.
4.3 Micro-observation of silver nanoparticles film
Figure 4.5 shows the scanning electron micrograph corresponded to the dark field optical pictures at very annealing temperature. Before annealing, the morphology of silver film was flat. When increasing the temperature, the aggregate together to form nanoparticle on the glass substrate. In the annealing process, we can find the evidence of the aggregation of silver nano-particles, as shown in the Fig.4.5. Two closed particles will touch first and aggregate together to form a bigger particle.
It was noted that the particle size and density of particle varied with the annealing temperature and time. We can’t find nanoparicles formed on the film in SEM picture at 150 ℃ . The formation of nucleus was quickly, the SEM is quasi-observation in comparison with the dynamic optical observation.
Figure 4.1: Scanning electron micrographs of silver nano-particles film at every annealing step.
Figure 4.6 is the set of atomic force micrographs (AFM) of silver nanoparticles film under heating process. It is noted that the particle size and population density varied within whole annealing step.
Figure 4.2: Atomic force micrographs of silver nano-particles film at every annealing step.
Our studies are focused on real time optical response of silver nano-particles film under an annealing treatment. According to the analyses of the SEM, AFM, and dark-field micrograph, the growth of particle leads to the decrease of particle density.
However, the above analyses are due to the quasi state of the film.
4.4 Real time observation on the evolution silver nanoparticles film
We used dark field microscopy and optical spectrum-meter to record the dynamics of the silver film under a annealing process. Comparing the information from dark field micrograph and real time absorbance spectra, the consistent can be found due to the optical information. This real time optical measurement provides a destructive method to observe the evolution of metal nanoparticle differed from SEM and AFM analysis.
4.4.1 Dark field Mirocscopy
Figure 4.7 shows the real time micrographs of silver nano-particles film observed in dark field optical microscopy. The dark-field micrograph shows interesting optical phenomena of particular scattering. The scanning electron micrograph and optical micrograph corresponded to various temperature was analyzed due to the different size. The dynamic spectra reflected the real situation of the growth of metal nanoparticles in real time.
Figure 4.3: (a) Dark-field micrograph of silver nanoparticles in various sizes. (b) Collecting the scattering light with dark-field objective.
Before annealing process, the probe light can not be scattered by silver film and showed dark color in the dark field microscopy. It exhibited the silver was in a film structure, no light scattered into the object. When the temperature was increased to 150 ℃, the nano-particles film revealed a weak yellow-orange light in the microscopy.
The weak yellow-orange light was corresponded to the absorbance spectrum of at 150℃. The maximum absorbance occurred at around the 560 nm. As the temperature arrived to 200 and 250 degrees, the color was changed into strong blue color, which
means the localized surface plasmons were excited dramatically in this wavelength band region. At the temperature of 300 degree, the scattering light intensity was turned weaker. The density of silver nano-particles decreased according to the aggregation of nano-particles.
Figure 4.4: Dark field optical micrographs of silver nano-particles film at every annealing step.
4.5.2 Real time optical absorbance spectra
Figure 4.9 was the experimental setup for the measurement of optical absorbance of silver nanoparitcles film. The white light emerged from a W lamp was colleted into the silver nanoparticles film. The spectrum was measured by a spectrometer in the right side.
Figure 4.5: Experimental setup for absorbance spectra measurement
Figure 4.10 shows the first stage of growth evolution of silver nanoparticles film. The absorbance spectrum before annealing was a flat curve in the spectrum range from 450 to 750 nm. As the temperature was increased gradually, the broad absorbance spectrum appears, the seed of nano-particle has been formed in this stage. Since the growth of particle led to the decrease of contact area with the ITO substrate surface, the effective index of environment was decreased and caused the peak position shifted to the shorted wavelength band.
Figure 4.6: Real time absorbance spectra of silver nano-particles film at various heating temperature of 28, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ℃. A broad peak appeared at around 552 nm (100 ℃) and then shifted to shorter wavelength band at around 500 nm (250 ℃).
In Figure 4.11, the peak wavelength shifted to longer wavelength. The peak shifted to longer wavelength with the increase of particle size. The intensity was also decreased with the decrease of particle density. The higher absorbance intensity replied the stronger localized surface plasmon resonance. At 300 ℃ for an hour, the absorbance was drop up to zero. In this stage, the particles grew up stably to about 250 nm, but the lower density leaded to the lower absorbance.
Figure 4.7: Absorbance spectra at the heating temperature of 250 and 300 ℃, then the temperature was kept at 300 ℃ for an hour. The absorbance peak (500 nm at 250 ℃) shifted to longer wavelength band around 572 nm (300 ℃ after an hour).
Fig. 4.12 shows that the peak position and FWHM of absorbance spectra of silver nano-particles film varied in whole annealing process. Due to the excitation of localized surface plasmon was measured at every annealing step. We divided the evolution of growth into two stages according to the peak position shift of the real time absorbance spectra. The peak position shifted to short wavelength when the temperature lower than 250 ℃. The absorbance spectra provide a convenient and simple method to observe the optical formation of silver nano-particles. The effective dielectric property was decreased due to the contact area with the ITO substrate. The resonance wavelength was shifted to the shorted wavelength.
Figure 4.8: Variations of the peak position and the full width half maximum of the absorbance spectra at every annealing step.
In the first stage, the silver film was gradually split to the nuclear formation.
After the nuclear, the particle was stably aggregated together as a larger article. The real time absorbance spectra revealed a optical dynamics of silver nano-particles during the annealing process.
Optical property of metal nano-particles was theoretically explained by electromagnetic interaction on the basis of Mie’s theory. The extinction loss included the light scattered and absorbed by the metal nano-particles. According to the Mie’s theory, the extinction can be easily simulated due to the electromagnetic theory. On the other hand, the exposition of electron motion in the metal nano-particles determined due to the external optical field was also applied to discuss the features of the optical absorbance spectrum. The increased of effective mass of electron leads to the resonance wavelength shifted to longer wavelength.
Particular features revealed in the absorbance spectrum exhibited several clues of the localized surface plasmon excited on the metal nano-particles. The surface
plasmon resonance is strongly dependent on the shape, size and dielectric property of the surrounding environment. The peak position, bandwidth, and intensity were determined by the particles size, size distribution, and the density, respectively. Due to these properties, the optical observation based on the absorbance spectrum of metal nano-particles provided a conventient approach to observation of the nano-structured metal material.
In summary, the real time absorbance spectra due to optical dynamics of silver nano-particles film were studied. In the annealing process, the peak position and FWHM were significantly dependent on the annealing temperature and time. The variation of particle size and density were confirmed by SEM and dark-field microscopy analyses. The real time measurement of absorbance spectra leaded to a direct and non-destructed method to observe the optical behavior of metal nano-particles system.
References
1. T. L. Ferrell, ‘‘Surface-enhanced Raman scattering in Ag-pyride sols,’’ Phys.
Rev. B 25, 2930 (1982).
2. T. A. Callcott and E. T. Arakawa, ‘‘Volume and surface photoemission processes from plasmon resonance fields,’’ Phys. Rev. B 11, 2750 (1975).
3. S. W. Kennerly, J. W. Little, R. J. Warmack, and T. L. Ferrell, ‘‘Optical properties of heated Ag films,’’ Phys. Rev. B 29, 2926 (1984).
4. J. W. Little, T. L. Ferrell, T. A. Callcott, and E. T. Arakawa, ‘‘Radiative decay of surface plasmons on oblate spheroids,’’ Phys. Rev. B 26, 5953 (1982).
5. M. C. Buncick, R. J. Warmack, and T. L. Ferrell, ‘‘Optical absorbance of silver ellipsoidal particles,’’ J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 927 (1987).
6. M. J. Bloemer, T. L. Ferrell, M. C. Buncick, and R. J. Warmack, ‘‘Optical properties of submicrometer-size silver needles,’’Phys. Rev. B 37, 8015 (1988).
7. R. J. Warmack and S. L. Humphrey, ‘‘Observation of two surface plasmon modes on gold particles,’’ Phys. Rev. B 34, 2246 (1986)
Chapter 5
Laser pulse induced gold nanoparticles gratings
Various technologies involving the use of nano-particles are becoming increasingly important in many areas of applications. This leads to a significant increase in the studies of the physical properties of optical systems involving nano-particles. A unique property of metallic nano-particles is the presence of surface plasmons and the resulting enhanced absorption and/or scattering. Various methods are developed for the fabrication of nano-particles. These include chemical systhesis with precise control of the shape and size of the particles [1, 2]. The enhanced absorption and scattering due to the surface plasmons can be employed for optical applications [3, 4]. The realization of the nano-scale device systems can lead to many interesting and potentially useful phenomena, such as sub-diffraction-limit image, optical signal propagation via metal nanoparticles array, nano-material exploration based on surface enhanced Raman scattering, and so on [5-10]. However, the current fabrication process is complicated. A simple and economic fabrication of nano-scale structures and nano-particles is desirable for practical applications.
5.1 Deposition of nano thick gold film
In this paper, we report the results of our experimental investigation on the optical properties of gold nano-particle gratings produced by a single shot of a pair Nd-YAG laser pulse beams. In our experimental investigations, the gratings were obtained via a spatially periodic laser heating of a thin gold film. The heating by the laser pulse leads to the formation of a periodic distribution of gold nano-particles. The surface morphology of gold nano-particle gratings was analyzed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dark-filed optical microscope. It was noted that the grating configuration and the geometry of nano-particles were strongly dependent on the fluence of the laser pulse. We also investigated the diffraction property of the nano-particle gratings in the visible spectral regime.
In our experimental investigations, we first deposited a polymethy1 methacrylate (PMMA) layer with a thickness of 2.5 μm on a glass substrate via spin coating. We then thermally deposited a 6 nm thick gold film on the PMMA layer.
Figure 5.1 shows the experimental setup for the creation of a gold nano-particle grating using a Q-switch Nd-YAG pulse laser at 532 nm with a pulse width of 6 ns.
The fluences of the laser pulse were in 70 and 110 mJ/cm2.
Figure 5.1: Fabrication process of nano thick gold film on PMMA substrate
Figure 5.2 shows the experimental and theoretical absorbance spectrum of gold film with nano-thickness of deposited. The experimental spectrum is consistent with the theoretical prediction. On the base of this consistent, the deposited thickness is confirmed.
Figure 5.2: (a) Experimental and (b) theoretical absorbance spectrum of gold film.
Experimental setup was shown in Figure 5.3. The incident beam was polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence (s-polarization) by using a polarizer (P) and a half-wave plate (λ/2). The laser beam was split into two beams by using a beam splitter (BS). These two beams were directed toward the thin film sample by using a mirror (M), creating an interference pattern on the film surface. The angle (θ) between
Experimental setup was shown in Figure 5.3. The incident beam was polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence (s-polarization) by using a polarizer (P) and a half-wave plate (λ/2). The laser beam was split into two beams by using a beam splitter (BS). These two beams were directed toward the thin film sample by using a mirror (M), creating an interference pattern on the film surface. The angle (θ) between